Effect of idebenone on the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in colon tissue. (A) Tissue levels of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1α), MIP-1β, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), RANTES, eotaxin, IL-10, IL-17 and IL-3 in the distal colon and (B) the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, GM-CSF, eotaxin and IL-17 in the proximal colon were quantified using a Bio-Plex assay. Data are expressed as a mean ± SEM (n = 3/group) and statistical significance was evaluated using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-test, where * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001.