Table 2.
Built and natural environmental correlates of parental safety concerns (n = 3291).
| Safety Concern (OLS Regression) | One-by-One Tests | BE Model | NE Model | Final Model | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coef. | p | Coef. | p | Coef. | p | Coef. | p | 95% Cl | ||
| Low | High | |||||||||
| Built environmental variables | ||||||||||
| Bike lanes (ratio) | 0.123 | 0.035 | 0.131 | 0.027 | 0.107 | 0.073 | −0.010 | 0.223 | ||
| Sidewalks (ratio) | −0.222 | 0.011 | −0.310 | 0.002 | - | - | - | - | ||
| Playgrounds (presence) | 0.018 | 0.748 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Intersections (density, num./acre) | −0.728 | 0.001 | −0.741 | 0.001 | −0.642 | 0.003 | −1.061 | −0.222 | ||
| Highways (presence) | 0.204 | 0.000 | 0.163 | 0.001 | 0.099 | 0.051 | −0.001 | 0.199 | ||
| Railroads (presence) | 0.240 | 0.000 | 0.127 | 0.024 | 0.136 | 0.019 | 0.022 | 0.250 | ||
| High speed streets (>30 mph) (%) | 0.002 | 0.014 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Crime hotspot (z-scores) | 0.136 | 0.000 | 0.117 | 0.000 | - | - | - | - | ||
| Crash hotspot (z-scores) | 0.016 | 0.002 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Sex offenders (presence) | 0.236 | 0.000 | 0.143 | 0.004 | 0.145 | 0.001 | 0.056 | 0.234 | ||
| Natural environmental variables | ||||||||||
| Park (presence) | 0.082 | 0.031 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Water feature (presence) | 0.251 | 0.000 | 0.214 | 0.000 | 0.117 | 0.007 | 0.031 | 0.202 | ||
| Mean slope (degrees) | 0.027 | 0.000 | 0.031 | 0.000 | 0.034 | 0.000 | 0.020 | 0.049 | ||
| Urbanized area (%) | 0.004 | 0.048 | - | - | - | - | ||||
| Tree canopy (%) | −0.016 | 0.000 | −0.017 | 0.000 | −0.014 | 0.000 | −0.021 | −0.007 | ||
| Grass cover (%) | −0.001 | 0.785 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Surface temperature (%) | −0.018 | 0.121 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) | −0.010 | 0.000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Tree heights (feet) | −0.017 | 0.000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Socio-demographic variables † | ||||||||||
| Student gender (male vs. ref. female) | −0.046 | 0.166 | −0.052 | 0.123 | −0.048 | 0.149 | −0.114 | 0.017 | ||
| Student grade (ref. PK–K) | ||||||||||
| 1st–3rd | −0.092 | 0.024 | −0.089 | 0.029 | −0.095 | 0.019 | −0.174 | −0.015 | ||
| 4th–6th | −0.214 | 0.000 | −0.220 | 0.000 | −0.223 | 0.000 | −0.315 | −0.130 | ||
| Free or reduced lunch (yes vs. ref. no) | 0.095 | 0.083 | 0.096 | 0.059 | 0.105 | 0.043 | 0.003 | 0.206 | ||
| Student ethnicity (ref. White) | ||||||||||
| Hispanic | 0.235 | 0.000 | 0.229 | 0.000 | 0.242 | 0.000 | 0.135 | 0.348 | ||
| Others | 0.032 | 0.618 | 0.033 | 0.611 | 0.033 | 0.617 | −0.095 | 0.160 | ||
| Attitudinal/social variables † | ||||||||||
| Walking is a good way to exercise. | 0.249 | 0.000 | 0.255 | 0.000 | 0.251 | 0.000 | 0.197 | 0.304 | ||
| I walk quite often in my daily routine. | 0.052 | 0.001 | 0.051 | 0.001 | 0.050 | 0.001 | 0.019 | 0.081 | ||
| I (would) enjoy walking with my child to/from school. | −0.055 | 0.004 | −0.054 | 0.004 | −0.053 | 0.005 | −0.090 | −0.016 | ||
| My family and friends like the idea of walking to school. | −0.045 | 0.015 | −0.046 | 0.014 | −0.045 | 0.016 | −0.081 | −0.008 | ||
| Other kids walk to/from school in my neighborhood. | −0.056 | 0.000 | −0.063 | 0.000 | −0.054 | 0.000 | −0.080 | −0.027 | ||
| I feel connected to people in my neighborhood. | −0.092 | 0.000 | −0.091 | 0.000 | −0.090 | 0.000 | −0.120 | −0.061 | ||
Note: The one-by-one model indicates a model estimated by which an environmental variable was entered one at a time into the model, including all the covariates. Values of all the covariates, total n and R2 generated from each one-by-one model were not included in the table due to space considerations. † The covariates were socio-demographic, attitudinal, and social variables. OLS—ordinary least square; NE—natural environment; BE—built environment; Coef.—coefficient; CI—confidence interval.