Table 3.
HRs for type of social participation (reference: nonparticipation in each organization).
| Rural | Crude Model | Model 1 | Model 2 |
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| Local Community | 0.59 * (0.54–0.65) | 0.77 * (0.70–0.86) | 0.86 * (0.77–0.95) |
| Hobby | 0.57 * (0.52–0.64) | 0.61 * (0.60–0.75) | 0.76 * (0.68–0.85) |
| Sports | 0.62 * (0.55–0.70) | 0.70 * (0.62–0.78) | 0.79 * (0.69–0.89) |
| Industry | 0.67 * (0.58–0.78) | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) |
| Volunteer | 0.62 * (0.54–0.72) | 0.77 * (0.67–0.89) | 0.89 (0.77–1.03) |
| Citizen | 1.40 * (1.27–1.54) | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | 1.02 (0.93–1.13) |
| Work | 0.48 * (0.42–0.54) | 0.74 * (0.65–0.84) | 0.83 * (0.76–0.91) |
| Urban | Crude Model | Model 1 | Model 2 |
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| Local Community | 0.70 * (0.65–0.75) | 0.84 * (0.79–0.90) | 0.95 (0.88–1.01) |
| Hobby | 0.70 * (0.66–0.75) | 0.78 * (0.73–0.84) | 0.90 * (0.84–0.97) |
| Sports | 0.60 * (0.55–0.65) | 0.73 * (0.67–0.79) | 0.83 *(0.77–0.91) |
| Industry | 0.81 * (0.74–0.89) | 0.90 (0.78–1.05) | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) |
| Volunteer | 0.66 * (0.60–0.73) | 0.80 * (0.73–0.89) | 0.94 (0.85–1.04) |
| Citizen | 1.37 * (1.28–1.47) | 0.89 * (0.83–0.96) | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) |
| Work | 0.50 * (0.46–0.55) | 0.80 *(0.73–0.87) | 0.80 * (0.70–0.91) |
HR: Hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; Ref: reference. * p < 0.05. Model 1: Crude model + sex, age, equivalent income, educational attainment, marital status, and self-reported medical conditions. Model 2: Model 1 + smoking, alcohol consumption, walking time (per day), frequency of going outdoors, depression, emotional support, instrumental support, frequency of meeting friends, and IADL.