Effect of CA NPs on prefabricated biofilms formed by gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Biofilm produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (A),
Salmonella typhimurium (B), Listeria monocytogenes (C), and Staphylococcus aureus (D) treated with CA NPs (250 mg/mL), CS (250 mg/mL), streptomycin (Strep, 50 mg/mL) for 24 h; After 24 h of treatment, pre-formed biofilm structures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (E) and Staphylococcus aureus (F) under a fluorescence microscope (Scale bar represented for 10 μm); After 24 h of treatment, pre-formed biofilm structures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (G) and Staphylococcus aureus (H) under a scanning electron microscopy (Scale bar represented for 400 nm). Reprinted with permission from [37].