Table 3.
Physicochemical properties, bio-functions, cytoxicity and potential applications of the typical chitosan conjugates *.
| Sample | Potential Applications | Physiochemical Properties | Bio-Functions | Cytotoxicity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LED 209 conjugated chitosan | Antimicrobial and anti-adhesion material | Increasing solubility with increase in DS | Highly selective activity and anti-adhesion activity against MDR-E. coli | Minor cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. | [114] |
| Galabiose-chitosan Conjugate | Anti-adhesion agents | Showed good solubility in neutral water (1.0 mg/mL) |
The highest inhibitory effect at the DP of 1839 (MIC:1.7 nM) | n.d | [120] |
| Gibberellin–chitosan | Fungicide release | Good water solubility and stability | n.d | n.d | [38] |
| Dhvar-5-chitosan conjugate | Antimicrobial surfaces | lower viscosity values | Displayed bactericidal effect. | No cytotoxic potential. | [96] |
| Curcumin conjugated chitosan | Anti-skin infection agent | n.d | Be effective against E. coli and S. Auerus |
Cyto and hemo-compatible | [35] |
| Inulin–LCS Conjugate | Anti-biofilm reagent | Good water solubility | Showed similar biofilm eradication with florfenicol at 500 μg/mL | Low cellular toxicity to mammalian | [83] |
| Gallic acid-grafted-chitosan | Biomaterials in food packaging | An increase in water solubility; exhibited darker appearance and weaker transmittance | Significantly enhanced antibacterial ability | n.d | [72] |
| Gallic acid grafted chitin-glucan complex | Biomedical areas | n.d | Completely inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli | Non-hazardous and biocompatible | |
| Chitosan–hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates | Food and pharmaceutical industries | n.d | Exhibited better antimicrobial activity than chitosan | No cytotoxic activity | [56] |
| Chitosan–lysozyme conjugates | Ingredient with emulsifying properties | Greatly improved solubility and emulsion stability | Enhanced bactericidal action against Escherichia coil K-12, | n.d | [54] |
| lysozyme-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates | Refractory infection drugs | n.d | Exhibited antibacterial activity and low drug resistance | Low hemolytic activity | [110] |
| Cefuroxime conjugated chitosan | Anti-chronic wound infection drugs | Decrease in the rate of swelling and degradation rate | Showed an efficient antibacterial activity over a longer period. | Have good blood compatibility | [106] |
| Chitosan-phenolic acid conjugates | Food preservatives | Improved water solubility | Showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity | n.d | [42] |
| Chitosan-isoniazid conjugates | Antituberculosis drugs | Enhanced solubility under physi-ological conditions | Comparable or slightly higher minimum inhibitory concentration for conjugates than for INH itself | Reduced biodegradability and decreased toxicity | [121] |
| Proanthocyanidin-chitosan conjugate | Food nutraceutical, and Biomedicine filed | Had lower crystallinity and thermal stability than chitosan | Showed bacterial strain-depended behavior in the antibacterial activity compared with chitosan | n.d | [112] |
*: n.d.—not determined.