Schematic representation of the ST8Sia family evolution in the ray-finned fishes. This model for the evolution of st8sia genes is based on the evidence from protein sequence phylogeny, conserved synteny of genomic st8sia loci in vertebrate species and their paralogous relationships in fish genomes. The model takes into account the evolution of five ancestral groups of ST8Sia (st8sia6/7/8, st8sia2/4, st8sia1, st8sia5, and st8sia3/9) indicated in green and present in the ancestor of Chordates that predate the WGD R1 and WGD R2. Open red circles depict gene losses on the phylogenetic tree and yellow stars correspond to the WGDs R1, R2, R3 (teleost specific duplication, TGD), and R4 (salmonids specific duplication, SGD).