Table 1.
Anthropometric and physical characteristics of the total sample, and elite and subelite padel players.
| Variables | Total Padel Players (n = 60) | Elite (n = 25) | Subelite (n = 35) | p-Value | Cohen’s d | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | Range | |||
| Age (yr) | 27.7 ± 6.4 | 15.2–40.2 | 31.1 ± 5.7 | 18.1–38.3 | 25.3 ± 5.9 | 15.2–40.2 | 0.000 ** | 0.505 |
| Total years playing padel (yr) | 12.5 ± 6.1 | 4.0–22.0 | 15.0 ± 6.1 | 8.0–22.0 | 8.6 ± 3.9 | 4.0–16.0 | 0.010 * | 1.250 |
| Training (hours/week) | 9.2 ± 7.3 | 2.0–25.0 | 11.4 ± 7.8 | 2.0–25.0 | 5.8 ± 5.2 | 2.0–18.0 | 0.091 | 0.844 |
| Stature (cm) | 178.0 ± 7.5 | 163.5–200.2 | 177.7 ± 7.3 | 163.5–196.2 | 178.3 ± 7.7 | 164.1–200.2 | 0.772 | −0.080 |
| Body weight (kg) | 77.5 ± 10.0 | 56.0–101.6 | 77.2 ± 9.9 | 56.0–97.9 | 77.6 ± 10.2 | 56.8–101.6 | 0.879 | −0.040 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.4 ± 2.3 | 18.5–31.4 | 24.4 ± 2.5 | 18.5–31.4 | 24.4 ± 2.3 | 19.0–28.7 | 0.933 | 0 |
| Arm span (cm) | 182.3 ± 8.3 | 161.5–203.5 | 182.3 ± 7.6 | 161.5–203.5 | 182.3 ± 8.9 | 164.5–201.5 | 0.990 | 0 |
| Triceps skinfold (mm) | 11.5 ± 4.9 | 5.2–26.8 | 10.5 ± 4.4 | 5.4–22.6 | 12.1 ± 5.2 | 5.2–26.8 | 0.204 | −0.332 |
| Biceps skinfold (mm) | 4.6 ± 1.9 | 2.0–11.0 | 4.1 ± 1.5 | 2.4–8.2 | 4.9 ± 2.1 | 2.6–11.2 | 0.120 | −0.438 |
| Subscapular skinfold (mm) | 10.9 ± 4.2 | 6.2–27.0 | 10.1 ± 4.1 | 6.4–27.0 | 11.5 ± 4.2 | 6.2–23.2 | 0.197 | −0.337 |
| Suprailiac skinfold (mm) | 20.6 ± 8.7 | 8.2–39.2 | 18.3 ± 7.2 | 9.4–34.2 | 22.2 ± 9.3 | 8.2–39.2 | 0.083 | −0.469 |
| Supraspinale skinfold (mm) | 9.9 ± 5.3 | 4.0–31.2 | 8.8 ± 4.2 | 4.2–22.2 | 10.7 ± 5.9 | 4.0–31.2 | 0.168 | −0.371 |
| Abdominal skinfold (mm) | 18.9 ± 9.4 | 5.6–37.0 | 16.8 ± 8.7 | 6.2–36.2 | 20.5 ± 9.7 | 5.6–37.0 | 0.131 | −0.402 |
| Thigh skinfold (mm) | 12.7 ± 5.3 | 5.8–31.6 | 10.6 ± 3.8 | 5.8–22.4 | 14.1 ± 5.7 | 6.6–31.6 | 0.009 * | −0.723 |
| Calf skinfold (mm) | 8.3 ± 3.9 | 4.0–22.0 | 6.7 ± 2.3 | 4.2–11.8 | 9.3 ± 4.4 | 4.0–22.0 | 0.004 * | −0.741 |
| Upper-arm girth (cm)† | 31.5 ± 2.5 | 25.8–37.1 | 31.8 ± 2.6 | 26.3–37.1 | 31.3 ± 2.4 | 25.8–36.3 | 0.434 | 0.200 |
| Upper-arm girth (cm)†† | 33.6 ± 2.6 | 28.5–29.7 | 33.9 ± 2.6 | 28.2–38.0 | 33.4 ± 2.6 | 27.8–39.8 | 0.535 | 0.192 |
| Right forearm girth (cm) | 28.7 ± 1.8 | 24.6–33.2 | 28.8 ± 2.1 | 25.8–33.2 | 28.6 ± 1.7 | 24.6–31.5 | 0.659 | 0.105 |
| Left forearm girth (cm) | 27.5 ± 1.6 | 23.3–31.1 | 27.5 ± 1.8 | 23.3–31.1 | 27.4 ± 1.4 | 23.9–29.8 | 0.804 | 0.062 |
| Wrist girth (cm) | 17.4 ± 1.0 | 15.3–20.0 | 17.5 ± 1.1 | 15.6–20.0 | 17.2 ± 0.8 | 15.3–19.0 | 0.200 | 0.312 |
| Thigh girth (cm) | 53.8 ± 3.4 | 46.2–61.7 | 53.9 ± 3.2 | 47.2–61.7 | 53.7 ± 3.6 | 46.2–60.4 | 0.821 | 0.059 |
| Calf girth (maximum) (cm) | 37.8 ± 2.1 | 32.6–42.1 | 37.8 ± 2.3 | 32.6–41.8 | 37.8 ± 1.9 | 33.1–42.1 | 0.975 | 0 |
| Humerus breadth (cm) | 7.2 ± 0.4 | 6.2–8.4 | 7.3 ± 0.5 | 6.2–8.4 | 7.1 ± 0.4 | 6.4–8.0 | 0.240 | 0.442 |
| Femur breadth (cm) | 10.1 ± 0.5 | 8.9–11.3 | 10.1 ± 0.5 | 9.3–11.3 | 10.0 ± 0.5 | 8.9–11.0 | 0.395 | 0.200 |
| Dominant hand length (cm) | 20.0 ± 1.1 | 17.7–22.8 | 20.0 ± 1.1 | 17.7–22.2 | 20.0 ± 1.1 | 18.5–22.8 | 0.846 | 0 |
| Dominant hand width (cm) | 22.4 ± 1.7 | 18.9–26.5 | 22.3 ± 1.9 | 19.5–25.9 | 22.5 ± 1.5 | 18.9–26.5 | 0.746 | −0.117 |
| Nondominant hand length (cm) | 19.8 ± 1.2 | 16.6–23.5 | 19.8 ± 1.3 | 16.6–22.8 | 19.9 ± 1.1 | 18.3–23.5 | 0.728 | −0.083 |
| Nondominant hand width (cm) | 22.7 ± 1.6 | 19.3–26.7 | 22.6 ± 1.9 | 19.7–25.9 | 22.9 ± 1.4 | 19.3–26.7 | 0.563 | −0.180 |
| Sum of 3 skinfolds (mm) | 42.9 ± 16.6 | 19.6–88.0 | 38.9 ± 14.6 | 22.2–83.8 | 45.8 ± 17.5 | 19.6–88.0 | 0.109 | −0.428 |
| Sum of 6 skinfolds (mm) | 95.1 ± 36.4 | 40.0–186.0 | 84.5 ± 30.7 | 49.0–164.6 | 102.7 ± 38.5 | 40.0–186.2 | 0.047 * | −0.523 |
| Sum of 8 skinfolds (mm) | 107.9 ± 40.5 | 49.0–210.0 | 95.3 ± 33.3 | 58.0–184.4 | 116.9 ± 43.2 | 48.6–210.4 | 0.041 * | −0.560 |
| Sum upper-limb skinfolds (mm) | 76.3 ± 31.6 | 32.2–150.4 | 68.5 ± 27.8 | 36.6–150.4 | 81.9 ± 33.3 | 32.2–150.2 | 0.105 | −0.437 |
| Sum lower-limb skinfolds (mm) | 20.9 ± 8.8 | 10.2–53.0 | 17.3 ± 5.4 | 10.2–34.2 | 23.5 ± 9.9 | 11.6–53.0 | 0.003 * | −0.798 |
| % body fat | ||||||||
| Durnin and Womersley [17] | 19.7 ± 5.3 | 10.1–31.2 | 18.4 ± 4.8 | 11.7–30.4 | 20.7 ± 5.4 | 10.1–31.2 | 0.106 | −0.450 |
| Katch and McArdle [18] | 13.4 ± 5.1 | 6.3–27.4 | 12.2 ± 4.7 | 7.2–26.7 | 14.2 ± 5.3 | 6.3–27.4 | 0.139 | −0.399 |
| Sloan [19] | 11.3 ± 4.4 | 5.2–24.0 | 9.7 ± 3.3 | 5.7–19.2 | 12.5 ± 4.7 | 5.2–24.0 | 0.012 * | −1.182 |
| Wilmore and Behnke [20] | 15.4 ± 4.1 | 9.3–24.3 | 14.2 ± 3.6 | 9.5–21.8 | 16.3 ± 4.2 | 9.3–24.3 | 0.050 * | −0.537 |
| Withers et al. [21] | 13.5 ± 5.1 | 6.5–26.2 | 11.9 ± 4.1 | 7.0–24.4 | 14.6 ± 5.4 | 6.5–26.2 | 0.037 * | −0.563 |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg), Lee et al. [23] | 33.1 ± 3.9 | 25.4–44.1 | 33.9 ± 4.2 | 26.2–44.1 | 32.5 ± 3.7 | 25.4–41.4 | 0.181 | 0.354 |
| Total upper-arm area (cm2) | 79.6 ± 12.5 | 53.0–109.5 | 81.1 ± 13.1 | 55.0–109.5 | 78.5 ± 12.1 | 53.0–104.9 | 0.422 | 0.206 |
| Upper-arm muscle area (cm2) | 67.4 ± 10.7 | 47.8–94.1 | 69.9 ± 11.4 | 49.2–90.3 | 65.6 ± 10.0 | 47.8–94.1 | 0.132 | 0.401 |
| Upper-arm fat area (cm2) | 12.2 ± 5.3 | 5.2–31.6 | 11.3 ± 4.7 | 5.9–26.7 | 12.9 ± 5.7 | 5.2–31.6 | 0.257 | −0.306 |
| Total thigh area (cm2) | 231.2 ± 28.9 | 169.9–302.9 | 232.1 ± 27.4 | 177.3–302.9 | 230.5 ± 30.3 | 169.9–290.3 | 0.844 | 0.055 |
| Thigh muscle area (cm2) | 198.4 ± 26.5 | 142.8–274.6 | 204.5 ± 27.9 | 154.0–274.6 | 194.0 ± 25.0 | 142.8–247.3 | 0.131 | 0.396 |
| Thig fat area (cm2) | 32.8 ± 13.9 | 14.8–82.7 | 27.5 ± 9.4 | 14.8–55.9 | 36.6 ± 15.4 | 15.5–82.7 | 0.007 * | −0.713 |
| Somatotype | ||||||||
| Endomorphy | 4.1 ± 1.5 | 1.8–7.9 | 3.7 ± 1.3 | 2.0–7.3 | 4.3 ± 1.5 | 1.8–7.9 | 0.126 | −0.427 |
| Mesomorphy | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 2.6–8.0 | 5.7 ± 1.2 | 2.7–8.0 | 5.3 ± 0.9 | 3.5–7.3 | 0.138 | 0.377 |
| Ectomorphy | 2.1 ± 1.1 | −0.6 to 5.4 | 2.0 ± 1.1 | −0.6 to 5.4 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 0.0–4.3 | 0.879 | −0.090 |
| Hand grip strength | ||||||||
| Dominant hand (kg) | 49.4 ± 9.7 | 36.3–85.2 | 51.3 ± 12.5 | 36.6–85.2 | 48.1 ± 7.1 | 36.3–69.9 | 0.268 | 0.315 |
| Nondominant hand (kg) | 42.7 ± 6.6 | 25.7–63.8 | 43.6 ± 8.2 | 25.7–63.8 | 42.1 ± 5.3 | 31.0–52.7 | 0.407 | 0.217 |
| Sum two hands (kg) | 92.1 ± 14.8 | 65.1–149.0 | 94.9 ± 18.8 | 65.1–149.0 | 90.2 ± 11.2 | 67.3–122.6 | 0.239 | 0.304 |
| Lumbar isometric strength (kg) | 135.2 ± 37.4 | 28.0–275.0 | 147.1 ± 43.5 | 68.0–275.0 | 126.9 ± 30.4 | 28.0–186.0 | 0.042 * | 0.538 |
| Flexibility (cm) | 22.1 ± 8.6 | 4.0–41.0 | 23.9 ± 9.6 | 4.0–41.0 | 20.8 ± 7.6 | 4.0–35.0 | 0.175 | 0.358 |
| Lower-body muscular strength | ||||||||
| CMJ height (cm) | 43.3 ± 5.9 | 31.0–59.0 | 44.6 ± 5.3 | 34.0–54.0 | 42.3 ± 6.2 | 31.0–59.0 | 0.159 | 0.399 |
| CMJ power (W) | 2212.5 ± 352.8 | 1500.0–3311.0 | 2257.0 ± 336.2 | 1500.0–3126.1 | 2179.1 ± 366.4 | 1541.3–3311.0 | 0.418 | 0.222 |
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.001; † Relaxed; †† Tensed. CMJ: Countermovement jump. BMI: Body mass index.