Figure 2.

The anticancer mechanisms of phytochemicals on gastric cancer. Diallyl disulfide induced G₂/M arrest by activating MAPK pathway. Zerumbone showed anti-angiogenesis activity via the inhibition of Notch1/NF-κB/VEGF pathway. Kaempferol induced autophagic cell death via IRE1/JNK/CHOP and AMPK/ULK1 pathways. Pectolinarigenin induced autophagic cell death via PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Poncirin induced apoptosis via the death receptor pathway. Piperlongumine induced apoptosis via ROS-triggered ER-stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, while protocatechuic acid induced apoptosis either through Fas/FasL death receptor or mitochondrial pathways. Tangeretin inhibited migration and invasion by reducing the expressions of Notch-1, Jagged1/2 and Hey-1. Gallic acid could suppress metastasis by downregulating PI3K/Akt pathway.