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. 2020 Jan 20;21(2):683. doi: 10.3390/ijms21020683

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is up-regulated in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. (A) Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) mRNA expressions in colon specimens were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (n = 5 per group). Data were normalized to the expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA. (B) CD11b+ cells, isolated from the lamina propria in the dextran sodium sulfate-treated mice and untreated mice, were cultured with 10 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The production of TNF-α was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were presented as the mean of the three independent experiments.