Table 3.
Magnetic nanoparticles tuned for dual imaging and therapeutic applications.
| MNP System Description | Characteristics | Detection Methods | Therapeutic Applications |
Tumor | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gold nanorod-capped magnetite core/mesoporous silica shell nanoparticles | Mean diameter of 386.6 nm; homogenous size distribution; T2 relaxivity coefficient of 393.8 mM−1·s−1; Dox loading capacity of 30% w/w and positive therapy effect under 39–42 °C; no reported cytotoxicity <100 µg/mL; Absorption peak at 790 nm. | MRI | Doxorubicin chemotherapy; PTT |
- | [104] |
| Gold shell-core IONP | Mean diameter: 100 nm; hydrodynamic size: 179 nm; T2 relaxivity coefficient of 76.2 mM−1·s−1 | MRI; PAI | PTT | Breast | [105] |
| Multicore IONP with CuS shell | Mean core diameter of 25.5 nm; hydrodynamic size: 156 nm; zeta potential: −14.1mV at pH 7; magnetization: 84 emu/g; | MRI | MHT; PTT; PDT | - | [31] |
| cRGD-functionalized Doxorubicin-conjugated and 64Cu labelled SPION | Mean core diameter:10 nm; mean hydrodynamic size of the MNP: 68 nm; T2 relaxivity coefficient of 101.9 mM−1·s−1; 64Cu T1/2:12.7 h; Dox-loading capacity of 5.8% w/w. | PET; MRI | Doxorubicin chemotherapy |
Glioblastoma | [106] |
| Indium-111 labeled Trastuzumab-Doxorubicin Conjugated, and APTES-PEG coated SPION | Mean diameter: 16 nm; magnetization: 52 emu/g; radiolabel efficiency: 97.6%; trastuzumab conjugation capacity: 63.79%; | SPECT; MRI | Tumor suppression. Antibody and chemotherapeutic agents | Breast | [107] |
| Manganese-doped iron oxide nanoparticles, coated with bovine serum albumin and functionalized with a cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (cRGD) peptide and cy5 dye-labelled siRNA | Mean core diameter:15 nm. | MRI | Inhibition of Green fluorescence protein by the siRNA moiety, and interference of receptor-mediated endocytosis via targeting tumor cells overexpressed αvβ3 integrin by RGD peptide. | Breast | [108,109] |
| Paclitaxel loaded, PEG modified liposome iron oxide MNP | Core size of 7 nm; full nanoplatform size of 168.3 nm; PDI of 0.197; zeta potential of −10.5 mV; paclitaxel entrapment efficiency above 90%. | MRI | Paclitaxel | Breast | [110] |
| Liposome, ADT loaded iron oxide MNP, encapsulated with PEG | Core size of 7 nm; final size of 211 nm; PDI of 0.19; ADT loading capacity of 49.6%; T2* of 12.85 ms; | MRI | H2S | Liver | [111] |
| Rituximab loaded liposome, iron oxide MNP, encapsulated with PEG | Superparamagnetic NP-PVA core size average between 7–10 nm; narrow size distribution (PDI 0.1–0.3); 44.6% SPION-PVA encapsulation efficiency; zeta potential of −9.0 mV. | MRI | Rituximab | Brain Lymphoma | [112] |
Key: SPION—superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle; MRI—Magnetic resonance imaging; PAI—Photoacoustic imaging; SERS—Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy; APTES—aminopropyl triethoxysiliane; PEG—poly(ethylene glycol); cy5 dye—cyanine dye; cRGD—cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartate peptide; RGD—arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid; ADT—hydrophobic anethole ditholethione; US—ultrasound; NIR—Near infrared. T2*—decay of transverse relaxation, resultant of spin-spin relaxation and inherent inhomogeneity of the main magnetic field.