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. 2020 Jan 8;17(2):422. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17020422

Table 3.

Characteristics of relevant smartphone studies, 2017–2019.

First Author Year Cat 1 Scale Define 2 Distinct 3 D v. F 4 Theory
Abed 2018 SA Adapted No No No n/a
Akodu 2018 SA SAS-SV No No Yes n/a
Akturk 2018 SA SAS-SV Yes No No n/a
AlAbdulwahab 2017 SA SAS No No No n/a
Alavi 2018 SA MPPUS No No No Yes 5
Albursan 2019 SA Adapted No Yes Yes n/a
Alhassan 2018 SA SAS-SV Yes No No n/a
Alhazmi 2018 SA SAS-SV Yes No No n/a
Arefin 2017 SA Adapted Yes Yes Yes n/a
Arnavut 2018 SA SAS-SV Yes No No n/a
Barnes 2019 SA Adapted Yes Yes Yes Yes 6
Basu 2018 SA Adapted Yes No No n/a
Beison 2017 PSU MPPUS No No No Yes 7
Cerit 2018 SA SAS Yes No No n/a
Cha 2018 SA SAPS Yes No No n/a
Chang 2019 SA SPAI Yes No No n/a
Chen 2018 SA Adapted No Yes Yes Yes 8
Chen 2017 SA Adapted Yes No No Yes 9
Chen 2017 SA SAS-SV Yes No No n/a
Chiang 2019 SA SPAI-SF No No No n/a
Cho 2017 SA SAPS Yes No No Yes 10
Cho 2017 SA AMT 11 No No No n/a
Choi 2017 SA SAS Yes No No n/a
Chou 2019 SA SPAI-SF No No No Yes 12
Chung 2018 SA SAPS No No No n/a
Cocoradă 2018 SA SAS-SV Yes No No Yes 13
Contractor 2017 PSU SAS-SV Yes No No Yes 14
De-Sola 2017 SA MPPUS Yes Yes No n/a
Ding 2019 PSU SOCS No No Yes n/a
Duke 2017 SA SAS-SV No Yes Yes n/a
Elhai 2017 PSU SAS No No No Yes 15
Elserty 2018 SA SAS-SV Yes No No n/a
Gao 2018 SA MPAI Yes No No Yes 16
Gao 2017 SA MPAS No No No n/a
Gezgin 2018 SA SAS-SV Yes No No n/a
Gligor 2019 SA MPDQ 17 No No No n/a
Gökçearslan 2018 SA SAS-SV Yes No No n/a
Habibi 2018 SA Adapted Yes No No n/a
Han 2017 SA MPAI Yes Yes No Yes 18
Hao 2019 SA MPAI Yes No No n/a
Hawi 2017 SA SAS-SV No No No n/a
Heo 2018 SA SAPS No No No n/a
Herrero 2019 SA SPAS No No No Yes 10
Herrero 2019 SA SPAS Yes No No n/a
Herrero 2019 SA SPAS Yes No No n/a
Ihm 2018 SA Adapted No No No n/a
Jeong 2019 SA SAPS Yes Yes No n/a
Jin 2017 SA SAS-SV Yes No No Yes 18,19
Jo 2018 SA SAPS No No No n/a
Khoury 2019 SA SPAI No Yes No n/a
Kim 2018 PSU Adapted Yes No No Yes 20
Kim 2017 PSU Adapted Yes No No n/a
Kim 2019 SA SAPS No No No n/a
Kim 2018 SA SAPS Yes No No n/a
Kim 2017 SA SAPS No No No Yes 18
Kim 2017 SA SAPS Yes No No Yes 14
Kim 2017 SA SAS No No No n/a
Kim 2018 SA SAPS Yes No No Yes 18
Kita 2018 SA SAS-SV Yes No No n/a
Konan 2019 SA SAS-SV Yes No No n/a
Konan 2018 SA SAS-SV No No No n/a
Kuang-Tsan 2017 SA MPAS No No No n/a
Kumcağız 2019 SA SAS-SV No No No n/a
Kumcağız 2017 SA SAS-SV No No No n/a
Kuss 2018 PSU PMPUQ Yes No No Yes 21
Kwak 2018 SA Adapted No No No Yes 22
Kwan 2017 SA SAS Yes No Yes Yes 23,24
Lan 2018 SA MPIAS 25 No No No n/a
Lee 2018 PSU SAPS Yes No No Yes 26
Lee 2017 SA SAPS Yes Yes No n/a
Lee 2017 SA SAPS No No No n/a
Lee 2017 SA Adapted No No No n/a
Lee 2018 SA Adapted No No No n/a
Lee 2018 SA Adapted No No No n/a
Lee 2018 SA SAS-SV No Yes No n/a
Lee 2018 SA SAS-SV Yes Yes No Yes 27
Li 2018 SA SPAS No No No Yes 28
Lian 2018 SA MPAI Yes No No Yes 26,29
Lian 2017 SA MPAI Yes No No Yes 26
Lin 2017 SA App Yes Yes Yes n/a
Liu 2018 SA MPAI Yes No No Yes 22
Liu 2018 PSU SAS-SV Yes No Yes Yes 30
Liu 2017 SA MPAI No No No Yes 31
Lu 2018 SA MPAS No No No n/a
Mahapatra 2018 SA Adapted Yes No Yes Yes 32
Matar B. 2017 SA SPAI No Yes No n/a
Megna 2018 SA SAS-SV Yes No No n/a
Mei 2018 SA MPAI Yes No Yes Yes 33
Nayak 2018 SA Adapted Yes Yes No n/a
Noë 2019 SA SAS Yes Yes Yes n/a
Parasuraman 2017 SA Adapted No No Yes n/a
Salvi 2018 SA Adapted Yes No No n/a
Sekhon 2018 SA MPPUS Yes No No n/a
Serin 2019 SA SAS-SV Yes No No n/a
Sok 2019 SA Adapted No No No n/a
Song 2018 SA SAS (Lee) No No No n/a
Sun 2019 SA SAS (Ku) Yes No No Yes 34
Tunc-Aksan 2019 SA SAS No No Yes Yes 35
Wang 2018 SA SAS-SV No No No Yes 36,37
Wang 2017 SA SAS-SV No No No Yes 38
Wolniewicz 2018 PSU SAS-SV Yes Yes Yes Yes 15,16
Xu 2019 PSU MPAS Yes No No Yes 22,39
Yang 2019 SA MPAI Yes No No Yes 40
Yang 2019 PSU Adapted Yes No No n/a
Yildiz Durak 2017 SA SAS Yes Yes No Yes 41
Yildiz 2017 SA SAS-SV No No No n/a
You 2019 SA MPAS No No No Yes 42
Youn 2018 SA SAS No No No n/a

Notes. 1 Category based on study title: Smartphone addiction (SA) or problematic smartphone use (PSU); 2 Define: If SA or PSU was defined; 3 Distinct: If studies distinguished SA from other technological addictions (e.g., Internet, gaming addiction); 4 D v. F: If studies differentiated if the addiction is to the actual phone device or to what the phone device offers, such as functions, services, and/or content (e.g., social networking services, apps, etc.); 5 Psychosocial Theory of Development (Erikson, 1963) and Adolescent Identity Paradigm (Marcia, 1991); 6 Cognitive absorption (Agarwal & Karahanna, 2000); 7 Reward Deficiency Syndrome hypothesis (Blum et al., 1996); 8 Social influence theory (Rashotte, 2007); 9 Four categories of drinking motives (Stewart & Devine, 2000); 10 Big Five personality traits (Norman, 1963); 11 Addiction Measurement Tools of Measuring Smartphone Addiction of Children-Adolescents (Korea Network Information Center); 12 6-T Internet attitude model (Chou, Wu, & Chen, 2013); 13 Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975); 14 Impulsive pathway perspective (Billieux, 2012); 15 Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT) (Blumler & Katz, 1974); 16 Compensatory Internet Use Theory (CIUT) (Kardefelt-Winther, 2014); 17 MPDQ: Mobile phone dependence questionnaire; 18 Attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969); 19 Psychoanalytic theory (Kassel et al., 2007); 20 Social enhancement model (Kraut et al., 2002); 21 Biopsychosocial model of addiction (Griffiths, 2005); 22 General strain theory (Agnew, 1992); 23 Theory of parenting style (Baumrind, 1971); 24 First theory of self-regulation (Asgari et al., 2011); 25 MPIAS: Mobile Phone Internet Addiction Scale; 26 Problem behavior theory (PBT) (Jessor, 1977); 27 Power distance belief (Hofstede, 1980); 28 Media system dependency (MSD) theory (Ball-Rokeach & DeFleur, 1976); 29 Social skills deficit theory (Valkenburg & Peter, 2007); 30 Social compensation theory (Zell & Moeller, 2018); 31 Response style theory (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991); 32 Incentive-Sensitization (Robinson & Berridge, 2003) & Learning Theory (Wallace, 1999); 33 Hierarchy of needs theory (Maslow, 1968); 34 Risky families model (Repetti, 2002); 35 Intrinsic motivation theory (Przybylski, Weinstein, Ryan, & Rigby, 2009); 36 Sensation seeking theory (Zuckerman, 1994); 37 Social support buffering hypothesis (Cohen & Wills, 1985); 38 Cognitive-behavioral model (Davis, 2001); 39 Resilience theory (Fergus & Zimmerman, 2005); 40 Diathesis-stress theories (Monroe & Simons, 1991) and stress-buffering hypothesis (Cohen & Edwards, 1989); 41 Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1986); 42 Sociometer theory of self-esteem (Leary et al., 1995).