Table 4.
Demographic profile of smartphone study samples and reported study biases.
| First Author | Pop 1 | n 2 | Males (%) | Age (m (r) 3) | Nationality | SDC 4 (BCEIMRW) | Reported Biases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abed | Univ | 229 | 35 | n/a | Iraqi | (BCEIMRW) | None |
| Akodu | Univ | 77 | 57 | 22 | Nigerian | (BCEIMRW) | Sampling |
| Akturk | Univ | 1156 | 49 | n/a | Turkish | (BCEIMRW) | Sampling |
| AlAbdulwahab | Univ | 78 | 50 | 21 | Saudi | (BCEIMRW) | None |
| Alavi | Univ | 500 | 21 | 28 (18–31+) | Iranian | (BCEIMRW) | Sampling |
| Albursan | Univ | 2008 | 45 | 22 (17–28) | Arab | Sampling | |
| Alhassan | Adult | 935 | 34 | 32 (18–55+) | Saudi | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Alhazmi | Univ | 181 | 48 | 24 | Saudi | (BCEIMRW) | Sampling |
| Arefin | Univ | 247 | 54 | (18–27) | Bangladeshi | Sampling | |
| Arnavut | Adult | 714 | 58 | (18–30+) | Turkish | Sampling | |
| Barnes | Univ | 140 | 31 | (18–35+) | American | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Basu | Univ | 388 | 60 | 20 | Indian | (BCEIMRW) | Sampling |
| Beison | Univ | 100 | 25 | 20 (18–23) | American 5 | (BCEIMRW) | None |
| Cerit | Univ | 214 | 20 | 20 (18–26) | Turkish | Recall | |
| Cha | MS | 1824 | 51 | 16 | Korean | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Chang | ES/Adult | 5089 | 52/31 | n/a/43 | Taiwanese | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Chen | Univ | 2000 | 49 | 21 (17–23) | Taiwanese | Multiple | |
| Chen | Univ | 384 | 54 | n/a | Chinese | Multiple | |
| Chen | Univ | 1441 | 48 | 20 (17–26) | Chinese | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Chiang | ES/MS | 2155 | 52 | n/a | Taiwanese | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Cho | Adult | 400 | 52 | (20–40+) | Korean | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Cho | PS/Adult | 303 | 7/51 | (20–40+)/(0–6) | Korean | (BCEIMRW) | Sampling |
| Choi | HS | 1020 | 52 | n/a | Korean | (BCEIMRW) | Sampling |
| Chou | HS/Adult | 1444 | 43/n/a | n/a/n/a | Taiwanese | (BCEIMRW) | Recall |
| Chung | MS/HS | 1796 | 46 | 15 (13–18) | Korean | Sampling | |
| Cocoradă | HS/Univ | 717 | 35 | 20 | Romanian | Multiple | |
| Contractor | Adult | 346 | 42 | 34 | American 5 | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| De-Sola | Adult | 1126 | 48 | 33 (16–65) | Spanish | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Ding | Univ | 849 | 56 | n/a | Chinese | Multiple | |
| Duke | Adult | 262 | 36 | 32 | German | Recall | |
| Elhai | Adult | 308 | 54 | 33 | American 5 | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Elserty | Univ | 420 | 32 | 20 | Egyptian | (BCEIMRW) | None |
| Gao | Univ | 1105 | 29 | 21 (16–25) | Chinese | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Gao | Univ | 722 | 48 | 20 (15–24) | Chinese | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Gezgin | HS | 161 | 58 | 16 | Turkish | Multiple | |
| Gligor | Univ | 150 | 44 | 27 | Romanian | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Gökçearslan | Univ | 885 | 41 | n/a | Turkish | (BCEIMRW) | None |
| Habibi | HS | 271 | n/a | 17 | Indonesian | None | |
| Han | Univ | 543 | 41 | 20 (17–22) | Chinese | Sampling | |
| Hao | Univ | 847 | 51 | 20 (18–24) | Chinese | (BCEIMRW) | Sampling |
| Hawi | Univ | 381 | 59 | 21 (17–27) | Lebanese | Multiple | |
| Heo | HS | 790 | 23 | n/a | Korean | None | |
| Herrero | All | 526 | 52 | (15–55+) | Spanish | (BCEIMRW) | None |
| Herrero | All | 241 | 55 | (15–55+) | Spanish | (BCEIMRW) | Sampling |
| Herrero | All | 416 | 52 | (15–55+) | Spanish | (BCEIMRW) | Selection |
| Ihm | Youth | 2000 | 50 | 12 | Korean | Recall | |
| Jeong | HS | 768 | 58 | n/a | Korean | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Jin | Univ | 297 | 55 | 20 (17–24) | Chinese | (BCEIMRW) | Sampling |
| Jo | All | 7003 | 45 | (14–39) | Korean | (BCEIMRW) | Recall |
| Khoury | Univ | 100 | 48 | (18–25) | Brazilian 5 | (BCEIMRW) | Response |
| Kim | Adult | 615 | 51 | 30 (19–40) | American 5 | Recall | |
| Kim | All | 930 | 52 | 26 (13–40) | American 5 | (BCEIMRW) | Recall |
| Kim | MS/HS | 4512 | 45 | 15 | Korean | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Kim | Youth | 3380 | 51 | (10–19) | Korean | (BCEIMRW) | Information |
| Kim | Univ | 200 | 37 | 22 (19–28) | Korean | Sampling | |
| Kim | Univ | 608 | 30 | 23 | Korean | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Kim | HS | 1479 | 48 | n/a | Korean | (BCEIMRW) | Sampling |
| Kim | Univ | 313 | 42 | 22 (17–29) | Korean | Sampling | |
| Kita | YA | 221 | 65 | 19 (17–22) | Israeli | Sampling | |
| Konan | Univ | 496 | 25 | n/a | Turkish | None | |
| Konan | Univ | 330 | 36 | (20–24) | Turkish | None | |
| Kuang-Tsan | Univ | 332 | 65 | (18–22) | Taiwanese | Sampling | |
| Kumcağız | HS | 352 | 44 | 16 (14–19) | Turkish | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Kumcağız | Adult | 428 | 37 | 40 (21–65) | Turkish | (BCEIMRW) | Sampling |
| Kuss | All | 273 | 26 | 28 (16–65) | Various | None | |
| Kwak | MS | 1170 | 42 | n/a | Korean | (BCEIMRW) | Sampling |
| Kwan | Univ | 211 | 35 | 22 | Hong Kong | (BCEIMRW) | None |
| Lan | Univ | 1044 | 48 | 21 | Chinese | Information | |
| Lee | Youth | 231 | 40 | 16 (13–18) | Korean | (BCEIMRW) | Sampling |
| Lee | MS | 370 | 49 | 13 | Korean | Multiple | |
| Lee | MS/HS | 3000 | 53 | n/a | Korean | Sampling | |
| Lee | MS/HS | 1125 | 51 | n/a | Korean | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Lee | Univ | 125 | 49 | n/a | Korean | None | |
| Lee | Univ | 324 | 9 | n/a | Korean | Multiple | |
| Lee | MS | 490 | 100 | 14 | Korean | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Lee | Adult | 778 | 63/58 6 | 35/25 6 | Various | (BCEIMRW) | Information |
| Li | Adult | 527 | 46 | 27 (18–35) | Chinese | (BCEIMRW) | Sampling |
| Lian | Univ | 716 | 54 | 20 (18–24) | Chinese | (BCEIMRW) | Sampling |
| Lian | Univ | 682 | 58 | 19 (18–24) | Chinese | Recall | |
| Lin | Univ | 79 | 72 | 22 | Taiwanese | Sampling | |
| Liu | HS | 899 | 46 | 17 (14–19) | Chinese | Sampling | |
| Liu | Univ | 465 | 31 | 19 (16–24) | Chinese | Sampling | |
| Liu | HS | 1196 | 53 | 17 (14–20) | Chinese | Multiple | |
| Lu | MS | 1311 | 54 | 15 | Various | Sampling | |
| Mahapatra | HS/Univ | 330 | 58 | (15–20) | Indian | Multiple | |
| Matar B. | Univ | 688 | 53 | 21 | Lebanese | (BCEIMRW) | Recall |
| Megna | Adult | 52 | 46 | 27 (18–35) | Italian | None | |
| Mei | Univ | 1034 | 47 | 20 | Chinese | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Nayak | Univ | 429 | 35 | 20 (16–29) | Indian | None | |
| Noë | Adult | 64 | 53 | 25 (19–46) | British | (BCEIMRW) | Sampling |
| Parasuraman | Adult | 409 | 42 | 23 (18–55) | Malaysian | (BCEIMRW) | Sampling |
| Salvi | Univ | 100 | 59 | 21 (18–25) | Indian | None | |
| Sekhon | Univ | 80 | 50 | (20–24) | Indian | Sampling | |
| Serin | Univ | 287 | 14 | n/a | Turkish | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Sok | Univ | 139 | 16 | n/a | Korean | Sampling | |
| Song | PS/Adult | 328 | n/a/0 | (3–5)/n/a | Korean | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Sun | HS | 1041 | 56 | 12 (11–15) | Chinese | Multiple | |
| Tunc-Aksan | HS | 296 | 54 | n/a | Turkish | (BCEIMRW) | None |
| Wang | MS | 655 | 55 | 17 (15–19) | Chinese | Multiple | |
| Wang | MS | 768 | 44 | 17 (15–19) | Chinese | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Wolniewicz | Univ | 296 | 43 | 20 | American 5 | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Xu | MS | 316 | 47 | 14 (12–16) | Chinese | Sampling | |
| Yang | HS | 1258 | 53 | 17 (14–20) | Chinese | Sampling | |
| Yang | Univ | 218 | 58 | 18 (16–19+) | Taiwanese | Multiple | |
| Yildiz Durak | MS/HS | 612 | 52 | 13 (10–18) | Turkish | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
| Yildiz | HS | 262 | 50 | 17 (14–19) | Turkish | Sampling | |
| You | Univ | 653 | 50 | 20 (17–25) | Chinese | (BCEIMRW) | Sampling |
| Youn | Youth | 158 | 53 | 15 (12–19) | Korean | (BCEIMRW) | Multiple |
Notes. 1 Pop: Population general group (PS: Primary school; ES: Elementary school; MS: Middle school; HS: High school; Univ: University, college, or institute of technology students; YA: Young adult); 2 Sample size n; 3 m (r): mean age (range, if available); 4 SDC: Common sociodemographic characteristics besides gender, age, and ethnicity (B = biometrics: height, weight, BMI; C = number of children; E = education; I = income; M = marital status; R = regional/residence: urban or rural; W: work/employment status); 5 Reports racial status (e.g., African-American/Black, American Indian, Asian, Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander, White) and ethnicity (e.g., Hispanic/Latino, Not Hispanic/Latino); 6 Of 778 total, 431 US and 347 Chinese participants: male % and mean age of US and Chinese, respectively.