Table 5.
The quality of samples, level of evidence, and theoretical framework of the studies.
| First Author | Sel 1 | SSS 2 | Evidence 3 | Obj 4 | Int 5 | Griffiths 6 | Inf 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abed | R | No | PhPs | S | I | n/a | Yes |
| Akodu | C | No | Ph | O | Sg | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Akturk | C | Yes | S | S | Sg | CMRSTW | Yes |
| AlAbdulwahab | C | Yes | Ph | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Alavi | C | Yes | Ps | O | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Albursan | R | No | Ps | S | I | n/a | Yes |
| Alhassan | R | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Alhazmi | R | Yes | Ph | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Arefin | C | No | A | O | Sg | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Arnavut | R | No | U | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Barnes | C | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Basu | R | Yes | U | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Beison | n/a | No | S | S | Sg | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Cerit | R | Yes | Ph | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Cha | R | No | PhPsU | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Chang | R | No | SU | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Chen | C | No | PsS | S | I | n/a | PSU 8 |
| Chen | C | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Chen | R | No | PhPs | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Chiang | R | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Cho | R | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Cho | R | No | Ps | S | I | n/a | Yes |
| Choi | n/a | No | U | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Chou | R | No | U | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Chung | R | No | Ph | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Cocoradă | C | No | PsU | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Contractor | C | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| De-Sola | C | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Ding | R | No | PsU | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Duke | C | No | U | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Elhai | C | No | PsU | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Elserty | C | No | PhU | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Gao | C | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Gao | C | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Gezgin | C | No | PsU | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Gligor | n/a | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Gökçearslan | C | No | PsS | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Habibi | n/a | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Han | R | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Hao | R | No | PsU | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Hawi | R | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Heo | C | Yes | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Herrero | R | No | PsSU | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Herrero | R | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Herrero | R | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Ihm | R | No | S | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Jeong | n/a | No | PsS | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Jin | C | No | Ps | PsS | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Jo | n/a | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Khoury | R | No | Ph | O | Sg | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Kim | R | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Kim | R | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Kim | R | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Kim | R | No | S | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Kim | n/a | Yes | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Kim | C | No | Ph | S | Sg | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Kim | n/a | No | Ph | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Kim | C | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Kita | C | No | S | O | Sg | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Konan | R | No | PsS | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Konan | C | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Kuang-Tsan | C | No | S | S | Sg | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Kumcağız | C | No | S | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Kumcağız | C | No | S | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Kuss | C | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Kwak | C | No | PsS | S | Sg | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Kwan | C | No | PsS | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Lan | R | No | Ps | S | Sg | n/a | Yes |
| Lee | C | Yes | PsS | S | Sg | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Lee | C | No | Ps | O | Sg | CMRSTW | PSU 8 |
| Lee | n/a | No | S | S | Sg | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Lee | R | No | Ph | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Lee | R | No | S | O | Sg | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Lee | C | No | S | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Lee | n/a | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Lee | n/a | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Li | C | No | S | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Lian | C | No | S | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Lian | C | No | S | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Lin | n/a | No | U | O | Sg | n/a | Yes |
| Liu | R | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Liu | C | No | PsS | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Liu | C | No | PhPs | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Lu | C | No | S | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Mahapatra | C | No | APsS | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Matar B. | R | No | PsU | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Megna | C | No | Ph | O | Sg | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Mei | C | Yes | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Nayak | R | No | AU | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Noë | C | No | U | O | Sg | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Parasuraman | C | No | U | S | I | n/a | Yes |
| Salvi | n/a | No | Ph | O | Sg | n/a | Yes |
| Sekhon | n/a | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Serin | C | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Sok | C | Yes | PsSU | S | I | n/a | Yes |
| Song | C | No | S | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Sun | n/a | No | PsS | S | I | n/a | Yes |
| Tunc-Aksan | R | No | APsS | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Wang | n/a | No | PsS | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Wang | n/a | No | PsS | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Wolniewicz | C | No | PsU | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Xu | n/a | No | APs | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Yang | R | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Yang | C | No | PhPsU | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Yildiz Durak | C | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Yildiz | C | No | Ps | S | I | CSTW | Yes |
| You | C | No | Ps | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
| Youn | C | No | PsS | S | I | CMRSTW | Yes |
Notes. 1 Sel: Selection of sample: C = convenience sample, R = randomly selected; 2 SSS: Sufficiency of sample size: Yes or No; 3 Evidence: Type of data presented: A = academic, Ph = physiological, Ps = psychological, S = social, U = usage; 4 Obj: Objectivity: O = objective, S = subjective; 5 IE: Interpretation of the level of evidence: Sf = sufficient, Sg = suggestive but not sufficient, I = inadequate, NR = suggestive of no causal relationship; 6 Griffiths: C = conflict, M = mood modification, R = relapse, S = salience, T = tolerance, W = withdrawal; 7 Inf: Assumption of addiction influencing study results: Yes or No; 8 Was titled an SA study but conclusions use PSU terminology.