Fig E1.

Directed acyclic graph showing the implicitly assumed causal relationship (between atopic eczema and fracture) underlying our adjusted models. We identified possible covariates through a literature search for common risk factors for fractures and eczema. We also considered risk factors common to osteoporosis and eczema as possible covariates (because osteoporosis is a hypothesized mechanism for increased fracture risk in those with eczema).