Table II.
HRs∗ (99% CIs) comparing fracture risk in those with and without atopic eczema
| No. | Events/person-years at risk | Minimally adjusted† |
Adjusted for IMD, asthma, and calendar period‡ |
Additionally adjusted for potential mediators (BMI, harmful alcohol use, smoking, and oral glucocorticoids‖)§ |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR∗ (99% CI) | HR∗ (99% CI) | No. | Events/person-years at risk | HR∗ (99% CI) | |||
| Hip fractures | |||||||
| Without atopic eczema | 2,569,015 | 30,592/14,849,062 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1,839,065 | 23,041/11,516,122 | 1 (reference) |
| With atopic eczema | 526,019 | 7,822/3,326,205 | 1.11 (1.07-1.16) | 1.10 (1.06-1.14) | 439,659 | 6,808/2,965,992 | 1.06 (1.02-1.11) |
| Pelvic fractures | |||||||
| Without atopic eczema | 2,569,024 | 7,337/14,911,177 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1,839,071 | 5,590/11,565,470 | 1 (reference) |
| With atopic eczema | 526,609 | 1,923/3,343,770 | 1.12 (1.04-1.21) | 1.10 (1.02-1.19) | 440,161 | 1,698/2,981,712 | 1.06 (0.97-1.16) |
| Spinal fractures | |||||||
| Without atopic eczema | 2,569,023 | 8,716/14,904,064 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1,839,072 | 7,011/11,559,317 | 1 (reference) |
| With atopic eczema | 526,507 | 2,439/3,341,052 | 1.22 (1.14-1.30) | 1.18 (1.10-1.27) | 440,066 | 2,245/2,979,043 | 1.14 (1.06-1.23) |
| Wrist fractures | |||||||
| Without atopic eczema | 2,569,021 | 25,068/14,818,020 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1,839,071 | 20,384/11,487,169 | 1 (reference) |
| With atopic eczema | 525,816 | 6,210/3,316,871 | 1.09 (1.05-1.13) | 1.07 (1.03-1.11) | 439,434 | 5,641/2,956,472 | 1.06 (1.01-1.10) |
| Proximal humeral fractures | |||||||
| Without atopic eczema | 2,569,024 | 6,428/14,910,404 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1,839,071 | 5,590/11,565,470 | 1 (reference) |
| With atopic eczema | 526,608 | 1,612/3,343,880 | 1.08 (0.99-1.17) | 1.06 (0.97-1.15) | 440,161 | 1,437/2,981,823 | 1.03 (0.94-1.13) |
| Any fracture | |||||||
| Without atopic eczema | 2,568,889 | 179,471/14,146,660 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1,838,979 | 135,663/10,967,230 | 1 (reference) |
| With atopic eczema | 520,197 | 44,543/3,118,930 | 1.13 (1.11-1.14) | 1.10 (1.08-1.12) | 434,335 | 38,612/2,779,903 | 1.07 (1.05-1.09) |
Estimated HRs from Cox regression with current age as the underlying timescale stratified by matched set (matched on age at cohort entry, sex, general practice, and date at cohort entry). All models fitted to participants with complete data for all variables included in each model and from valid matched sets, including 1 individual with atopic eczema and at least 1 individual without atopic eczema. All models were implicitly adjusted for sex, date at cohort entry, and practice (because of stratification by matched set) and age (because of underlying timescale).
Minimally adjusted is defined as implicit adjustment for sex, age, general practice, and date of cohort entry.
Fully adjusted is defined as additionally adjusted for time-updated asthma, IMD, and calendar time.
Additionally adjusted for potential mediators is defined as further adjustment for BMI, smoking status, harmful alcohol use, and oral glucocorticoid exposure. Participants were only included if they were in a complete matched set (complete data for 1 individual with atopic eczema and ≥1 individual without atopic eczema).
Time-updated ever-prescribed ≥20 mg/day prednisolone equivalent dose (status changing at first ever prescription).