Table 2.
Commonly assessed risk factors for intestinal carriage of drug-resistant E. coli, 2014-2019. OR = Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence interval. Note: *indicates results from systematic review
| Risk factor | Number of studies investigated* | Number of studies finding significant association* | Number of samples assessed | Number of samples with drug resistant bacteria | Pooled OR (95%CI) | χ2(P-value) | l2 |
| General factors | |||||||
| Gender | 11 | 1 | 9836 | 1428 | 1.16 (0.98-1.36) | 8.77 (0.46) | 0 |
| Diet restriction (vegetarian) | 5 | 2 | 6802 | 989 | 1.60 (1.00-2.56) | 3.22 (0.52) | 0 |
| Pet | 4 | 1 | 5159 | 407 | 1.15 (0.33-4.06) | 5.23 (0.16) | 43 |
| Education level | 4 | 0 | 5067 | 925 | 0.93 (0.74-1.17) | 0.98 (0.81) | 0 |
| Smoking | 4 | 1 | 4497 | 712 | 0.77 (0.18-3.25) | 6.37 (0.04) | 69 |
| Clinical factors | |||||||
| Antimicrobial use | 13 | 6 | 10079 | 1407 | 1.84 (1.35-2.51) | 18.28 (0.05) | 45 |
| Previous hospital admission | 7 | 2 | 6108 | 465 | 1.63 (0.84-3.18) | 7.83 (0.17) | 36 |
| Diarrhea | 7 | 4 | 5144 | 1079 | 1.56 (1.09-2.25) | 5.76 (0.33) | 13 |
| Proton-pump inhibitor use | 3 | 2 | 4111 | 359 | 1.31 (0.11-15.5) | 5.81 (0.05) | 66 |
| Chronic disease | 3 | 2 | 2323 | 766 | 0.91 (0.13-6.53) | 8.68 (0.01) | 77 |
| Travel related factors | |||||||
| International travel | 6 | 2 | 6460 | 520 | 1.13 (0.67-1.91) | 10.73 (0.06) | 53 |
| Travel to Southeast Asia | 8 | 4 | 6632 | 1289 | 1.78 (0.64-4.98) | 50.28 (<0.01) | 86 |
| Travel to Africa | 5 | 2 | 6692 | 1105 | 1.29 (0.52-3.21) | 81.34 (<0.01) | 94 |
| Travel to India | 4 | 4 | 2953 | 423 | 4.15 (2.54-6.78) | 2.50 (0.48) | 0 |
OR = Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence interval. Note: *indicates results from systematic review