Table 3.
Commonly assessed risk factors for intestinal carriage of drug-resistant E. coli, 2014-2019, stratified by travellers and general adults
| Travellers | General adults | |||||||
| Risk Factor | Number of studies investigated* | Pooled OR (95%CI) | χ2(P-value) | l2(%) | Number of studies investigated* | Pooled OR (95%CI) | χ2(P-value) | l2(%) |
| General factors | ||||||||
| Gender | 4 | 1.14 (0.85-1.51) | 2.17(0.54) | 0 | 6 | 1.16 (0.90-1.50) | 6.15 (0.29) | 19 |
| Diet restriction (vegetarian) | 3 | 1.92 (1.13-3.26) | 1.29 (0.52) | 0 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Pet | 1 | - | - | - | 3 | 0.93 (0.70-1.24) | 0.94 (0.63) | 0 |
| Education level | 1 | - | - | - | 3 | 0.92 (0.63-1.35) | 0.98 (0.81) | 0 |
| Clinical factors | ||||||||
| Antimicrobial use | 4 | 2.81 (1.47-5.36) | 4.07 (0.25) | 26 | 7 | 1.51 (1.17-1.94) | 5.54 (0.48) | 0 |
| Previous hospital admission | 1 | - | - | - | 5 | 1.47 (0.79-2.76) | 5.54 (0.24) | 28 |
| Diarrhea | 4 | 1.65 (1.02-2.68) | 5.16 (0.16) | 42 | 3 | 1.53 (1.27-1.84) | 0.43 (0.80) | 0 |
| Travel related factors | ||||||||
| International travel | 0 | - | - | - | 6 | 1.13 (0.73-1.74) | 10.73 (0.06) | 53 |
| Travel to Southeast Asia | 5 | 1.93 (0.46-8.12) | 41.24 (<0.01) | 90 | 8 | 1.67 (1.02-2.73) | 5.56 (0.06) | 64 |
| Travel to Africa | 3 | 0.75 (0.29-1.96) | 19.27 (<0.01) | 90 | 2 | - | - | - |
| Travel to India | 3 | 3.80 (2.23-6.47) | 1.62 (0.45) | 0 | 1 | - | - | - |
OR = Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence interval. Note: *indicates results from systematic review