Table 2.

For better research, INVVOLVE research end-users in co-design

Invest in co-design	Allocate sufficient time and resources Pay/reward participants for their time Provide training, if needed
Needs assessment	Determine project co-design needs: why, how and on what will co-design participants and researchers collaborate?
Vision roles, responsibilities and rewards	Set clear roles and responsibilities of all participants in co-design Clarify how co-design participant feedback will be used Ensure all parties understand the importance of co-design and the potential benefits Manage expectations – make sure that there is a shared vision and goal
Validate participants	Empower and nurture participants so that they are confident enough to engage with researchers and the research process
Organise interaction carefully	Make sure meeting places are accessible and familiar Make sure that any interactions are well structured and regular Regularly communicate and update all parties Prepare aids, such as glossaries, images and plans, as meeting facilitators Have backup co-design participants as some may drop out
Lead the engagement	Carefully define and control the scope of engagement Don’t let groups dominate conversations and decision-making Discuss and defuse tensions
Value patient time and input	Build trust and rapport between researchers and co-design participants Give co-design participants some choice and control
Evaluate and report	Document all engagement processes Evaluate processes and outcomes based on predetermined criteria Report findings