Table 1.
Data source characteristics including site, country, World Health Organization region, dates of sample collection, country hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology and World Bank economy classification, sample size, sample population, testing purpose* (targeted, clinical, routine, reference laboratory, mixed), and enrollment inclusion and exclusion criteria (for research cohorts).
| Site, Location, Region | Dates of Collection | Country HCV Epidemiology[3, 39], Economy[40] | Sample Size, Population | Testing Purpose* | Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria and Cohort Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Centre Pasteur, Yaoundé, Cameroon, African | 2010 – 2016 | Viraemic prevalence: 0.7% Pop. Infected: baby boomers, iatrogenic Genotype Distribution: G1 44.8%, G2 24.3%, G4 30.7% Economy: Lower-middle | 4,861, Specialty clinics | Clinical | |
| British Columbia Center for Disease Control Hepatitis C Testers Cohort (BC-HTC), Vancouver, Canada, Americas | Jan. 2007 – Dec. 2016 | Viraemic prevalence: 0.6% Pop. Infected: IDU, ex-IDU, iatrogenic, unknown. Incident infections are occurring in PWID, males 2x more likely than females Genotype Distribution: G1 50.3%, G2 15.4%, G3 22.3%, G4 2.3% Economy: High | 27,448, General | Reference laboratory | BC-HTC includes data for >95% of all individuals tested for HCV in the province of British Columbia. Data is collected and merged from the province public health laboratory [41]. |
| Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt, Eastern Mediterranean | Viraemic prevalence: 6.3–14.7% Pop. Infected: general, iatrogenic Genotype Distribution: G1 3.8%, G3 0.8%, G4 93.1% Economy: Lower-Middle | 1,063, General | |||
| Georgia HCV Elimination Program, Tbilisi, Georgia, European | April 2015 – May 2017 | Viraemic prevalence: 4.2–7.7% Pop. Infected: IDU, iatrogenic transmission, 50% of prison population Genotype Distribution: G1 61%, G2 11.0%, G3 27% Economy: Lower-Middle | 29,568, General | Mixed: targeted, routine, clinical | The Georgia HCV Elimination Program is a partnership between the Georgia Ministry of Health, the US Centers for Disease Control, and Gilead Sciences [42–44] |
| Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), 1. Cambodia, Western Pacific 2. Mozambique, African 3. Pakistan, Eastern Mediterranean | Sept. – Dec 2016 | Cambodia Viraemic prevalence: 2.3% Pop Infected: IDU, MSM, iatrogenic Genotype Distribution: G1 24.0%, G3 20.0%, G6 56.0% Economy: lower-middle Mozambique Viraemic prevalence: no data Genotype Distribution: no data Economy: low Pakistan Viraemic prevalence: 3.8–6.7% Pop. Infected: IDU, iatrogenic Genotype Distribution: G1 10.9%, G2 3.8%, G3 79%, G41.6%, G5 0.1%, G6 0.1%, Mixed 8.3% Economy: lower-middle | Cambodia: 1737, general Mozambique: 13, HIV infected Pakistan: 1293, general | Targeted | Cambodia & Mozambique: Observational cohorts. Inclusion: ≥ 18 years old, detectable HCV RNA, able to provide written informed consent Pakistan: Retrospective analysis of operational data. Inclusion: >= 18 years old, detectable HCV RNA. |
| TREAT Asia, Kirby Institute Jakarta, Indonesia; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Bangkok, Thailand; Hanoi, Vietnam South East Asia | Dec 2013-Jan 2015 | Viraemic prevalence: Region = 0.7–1.2% Pop. Infected: IDU, MSM, iatrogenic Genotype Distribution: G1 35.2%, G2 11.1%, G3 19.9%, G4 0.9%, G5 0.4%, G6 30.8%, Mixed 1.7% Economy: Indonesia – Lower-Middle Malaysia – Upper-Middle Thailand – Upper-Middle Vietnam – Lower-Middle | 413, HIV infected | Targeted | Inclusion: HIV-infected patients under care at participating sites. Detectable HCV antibody within 6 months of enrollment. Exclusion: < 18 years old, CD4 count < 200, Child-Pugh score > A, ascites, encephalopathy, bleeding esophageal varices, liver cancer, pregnant, breastfeeding or the male partner of a pregnant female [45]. |
| Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Chennai, India, South East Asia | 2010 – 2016 | Viraemic prevalence: 0.5% Pop. Infected: IDU, iatrogenic Genotype Distribution: G1 24.0%, G3 54.4%, G4 5.8%, G5 0.2%, Mixed 15.6% Economy: Lower-middle | 5,476, IDU, MSM, HIV infected | Mixed: targeted and routine | Four study cohorts: 1. Respondent-driven sampling strategy used for recruitment. Inclusion: >18 years old, self-report of IDU in prior 2 years, provide informed consent, valid referral coupon. [46] 2. Inclusion: > 18 years old, provide written informed consent, report IDU in prior 6 months [47]. 3. CDOT [48] 4. Inclusion: > 18 years old, provide informed consent, self-reported history of IDU in prior 5 years, no intention of migrating for 2 years during study period [49]. |
Pop = Population; IDU = injection drug user(s); G1 = genotype 1; G2 = genotype 2; G3 = genotype 3; G4 = genotype 4; G5 = genotype 5; G6 = genotype 6; US = United States; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
*
1) targeted among specific high-risk populations (injection drug users, birth cohorts, healthcare workers), 2) clinical (testing of those with clinical signs or symptoms or laboratory features suggestive of hepatitis), 3) and routine from large-scale screening (antenatal clinics, blood donors, seroprevalence surveys).