Table 2.
Characteristics of 66,640 participants in a combined cross-sectional dataset from Cambodia, Canada, Cameroon, Egypt, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mozambique, Pakistan, Thailand, and Vietnam with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). The association of covariates with low-level viraemia, HCV RNA < 1318 international units per milliliter, is indicated by the bivariate odds ratios (OR) and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)—statistically significant OR are in bold font.
| Variable | Total Cohort N (Col%) | Low-level Viraemia* N (Row%) | OR (95% CI) | aOR1 (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||
| <18 | 75(0.1) | 4(5.3) | 2.39(0.73,5.79) | 1.73(0.52,4.22) |
| 18–30 | 5883(8.8) | 396(6.7) | 3.06(2.68,3.49) | 2.56(2.19,2.99) |
| 31–50 | 31724(47.6) | 962(3.0) | 1.33(1.19,1.48) | 1.30(1.16,1.45) |
| 51–64 | 24173(36.3) | 556(2.3) | REF | REF |
| ≥65 | 4785(7.2) | 84(1.8) | 0.76(0.60,0.95) | 0.75(0.59,0.94) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 16320(24.4) | 526(3.2) | 1.1(1.00,1.22) | 1.32(1.18,1.49) |
| Male | 50320(75.5) | 1476(2.9) | REF | REF |
| Country | ||||
| Cambodia | 1730(2.6) | 34(1.9) | 0.66(0.46,0.92) | |
| Cameroon | 293(0.4) | 3(1.0) | 0.34(0.08,0.89) | |
| Canada | 27277(40.9) | 805(3.0) | REF | |
| Egypt | 1063(1.6) | 5(0.5) | 0.16(0.06,0.34) | |
| Georgia | 29569(44.4) | 780(2.6) | 0.89(0.81,0.98) | |
| India | 5430(8.1) | 360(6.6) | 2.33(2.05,2.65) | |
| Indonesia | 141(0.2) | 2(1.4) | 0.47(0.08,1.49) | |
| Malaysia | 34(0.05) | 1(2.9) | 1.51 (0.08,7.35) | |
| Mozambique | 13(0.02) | 1(7.7) | 4.16(0.23,22.02) | |
| Pakistan | 854(1.3) | 11(1.3) | 0.43(0.22,0.74) | |
| Thailand | 142(0.2) | 1(0.7) | 0.23(0.01,1.04) | |
| Vietnam | 94(0.1) | 1(1.1) | 0.35(0.02,1.59) | |
| WHO Region | ||||
| African | 306(0.5) | 3(1.0) | 0.33(0.08,0.85) | 0.21(0.05,0.65) |
| Americas | 27277(40.9) | 805(3.1) | REF | REF |
| E. Med | 1917(2.9) | 16(0.8) | 0.28(0.16,0.44) | 0.05(0.02,0.09) |
| European | 29569(44.4) | 780(2.6) | 0.89(0.81,0.98) | 0.13(0.07,0.27) |
| S.E. Asia | 5841(8.8) | 364(6.2) | 2.19(1.92,2.48) | 0.66(0.54,0.81) |
| W. Pacific | 1730(2.6) | 34(1.9) | 0.66(0.46,0.92) | 0.21(0.12,0.36) |
| HIV | ||||
| Co-Infected | 3945(5.9) | 191(4.8) | 1.57(1.34,1.84) | 1.01(0.83,1.21) |
| Negative | 32253(48.4) | 1012(3.1) | REF | REF |
| Missing Data | 30442(45.7) | 799(2.6) | NA | NA |
| HBV | ||||
| Co-Infected | 7221(10.8) | 214(3.0) | 1.08(0.92,1.25) | 1.14(0.97,1.34) |
| Negative | 26579(39.9) | 734(2.8) | REF | REF |
| Missing Data | 32840(49.3) | 1054(3.2) | NA | NA |
| HCV Genotype | ||||
| Genotype 1 | 27245(40.9) | 623(2.3) | REF | REF |
| Genotype 2 | 9287(13.9) | 261(2.8) | 1.24(1.07,1.43) | 1.25(1.07,1.45) |
| Genotype 3 | 15157(22.7) | 405(2.7) | 1.17(1.03,1.33) | 1.17(1.03,1.34) |
| Genotype 4 | 2030(3.0) | 28(1.4) | 0.59(0.39,0.86) | 1.14(0.75,1.67) |
| Genotype 5 | 13(0.02) | 1(7.7) | 3.55(0.19,18.08) | 4.22(0.05,17.15) |
| Genotype 6 | 889(1.3) | 12(1.3) | 0.58(0.31,0.99) | 0.61(0.31,1.12) |
| Mixed | 170(0.3) | 4(2.4) | 1.03(0.32,2.44) | 0.97(0.29,2.3) |
| Missing | 11849(17.8) | 669(5.6) | NA | NA |
| Fibrosis Stage | ||||
| F0-F1 | 12460(18.7) | 313(2.5) | REF | REF |
| F2-F3 | 11923(17.8) | 242(2.0) | 0.80(0.68,0.95) | 0.89(0.76,1.07) |
| F4 | 8366(12.5) | 239(2.9) | 1.14(0.96,1.35) | 1.43(1.19,1.70) |
| Missing | 33891(50.9) | 1115(3.4) | NA | NA |
Col% = column percent; Row% = row percent; REF = reference group; NA = not applicable; WHO = World Health Organization, E. = eastern; S.E. = South East; W. = western; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; HBV = hepatitis B virus
Low-level viraemia = HCV RNA < 1318 IU/mL
aOR derived from a multivariable model adjusting for age, sex, country, HCV genotype, and fibrosis stage.