Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of the presence of chronic kidney disease
| Variable | CKD, n (%) | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n=6098) | No (n=31,727) | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Age (years) | - | - | 1.02 (1.02-1.02) | <0.001 | 1.01 (1.00-1.01) | <0.001 |
| Gender (male) | 2520 | 10,768 | 1.30 (1.21-1.40) | <0.001 | 1.26 (1.16-1.37) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking | 239 | 792 | 1.10 (0.94-1.28) | 0.24 | 1.53 (1.25-1.87) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 806 | 1699 | 2.11 (1.87-2.38) | <0.001 | 1.51 (1.32-1.73) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1993 | 5406 | 2.00 (1.85-2.17) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.31-1.59) | <0.001 |
| Abdominal obesity | 172 | 639 | - | - | - | - |
| Systolic BP (per 10 mmHg) | - | - | 1.13 (1.10-1.15) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.99-1.00) | 0.004 |
| ALT (mg/dL) | - | - | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | 0.3 | 1.00 (0.99-1.00) | 0.009 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | - | - | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | 0.37 | - | - |
| Low HDL | 2119 | 7900 | 1.29 (1.20-1.39) | <0.001 | 1.03 (0.95-1.13) | 0.47 |
| High TG | 1669 | 6934 | 1.27 (1.17-1.38) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.01-1.24) | 0.036 |
| No NAFLD | 2027 | 12,589 | 1.0 (reference) | - | 1.0 (reference) | - |
| Mild NAFLD | 2886 | 14,343 | 1.23 (1.13-1.33) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.96-1.15) | 0.27 |
| Moderate-to-severe NAFLD | 1185 | 4795 | 1.66 (1.49-1.85) | <0.001 | 1.17 (1.03-1.33) | 0.014 |
BP: Blood pressure, HDL: High-density lipoprotein, NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, TG: Triglyceride, ALT: Alanine aminotransferase, OR: Odds ratio, CI: Confidence interval, CKD: Chronic kidney disease, eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate. Abdominal obesity defined by individuals with waist circumference of ≥90 cm in men; ≥80 cm in women. CKD defined by individuals with eGFR ≤60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 or presence of proteinuria. High TG defined by individuals with triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL. Low HDL defined by individuals with HDL <40 mg/dL in men; <50 mg/dL in women