Figure 6.

Ligustrazine-mediated downregulation of inflammation and apoptosis is blocked by inhibiting autophagy in NRK-52E cells in vitro. (A) RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that ligustrazine treatment suppressed the levels of proinflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1, and this effect was attenuated when autophagy was inhibited by CQ. The duration of reoxygenation was 24 h. (B) CCK-8 assays demonstrated that cell viability in response to ligustrazine after OGD followed by reoxygenation for 24 h was blocked when the autophagy was inhibited by CQ. (C) TUNEL assays showing the changes of cell death in response to ligustrazine after CoCl₂ treatment when autophagy was inhibited by CQ. The treatment duration of CoCl₂ was 12 h, and that of ligustrazine and CQ was 24 h. ^*P<0.05 vs. control, ^#P<0.05 vs. OGD treatment, ^**P<0.05 vs. ligustrazine treatment group. All the experiments were performed in triplicate. Ligu, ligustrazine; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion; reoxy, reoxygenation; OGD, oxygen and glucose deprivation; CQ, chloroquine; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein.