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. 2020 Jan 8;45(3):715–730. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4453

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Copyright: © Cai et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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(A-I) Ultrastructural morphology of the auditory cortex. The nuclei (N) and the mitochondria (white arrows) were normal in the control groups. Vacuolated mitochondria (black arrows), and irregular nuclei were found in the D-gal groups. The myelin was swollen and disrupted (white arrowhead), and lipofuscin was abundant (black arrowheads) in the 15-month-old rats. Metformin attenuated the D-gal-induced neurodegeneration in the auditory cortex at different ages. m, months; D-gal, D-galactose; Met, metformin.