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Electron photomicrographs of PC12 cells. Abundant normal mitochondria (white arrows), an intact nuclear membrane, and normal-shaped nuclei were found in PC12 cells. However, the mitochondria were swollen and vacuolated in the D-gal group, and pretreatment with metformin alleviated the mitochondrial damage. The images on the bottom panels are a larger magnification of the area depicted in the white boxes on the top panels. D-gal, D-galactose; Met, metformin.
