Table 2.

Muscle ingenuity analysis of canonical signalling pathways in Ctns^−/− mice

Up‐regulated gene	Functional significance and reference
ANKRD2	Induced by skeletal muscle denervation and muscle injury60
CSRP3	Inhibition of myotube differentiation61
CYFIP2	Promotes apoptosis73
FHL1	Activates myostatin signalling and promotes atrophy in skeletal muscle78
LY6A	Associated with increased fibrosis in aged skeletal muscle72
MUP1	Increases energy expenditure in skeletal muscle68
MYL2	Associated with cardiac cycling kinetics62
MYL3	Biomarker for skeletal muscle toxicity77
PDK4	Associated with skeletal muscle energy deprivation via a FOXO1‐dependent pathway76
SELL	Promotes progression of cancer cachexia75
SLN	Interacts with ATPase and promotes muscle non‐shivering thermogenesis69
SPP1	Shares molecular network with myostatin and inhibits muscle regeneration63
TNNC1	Biomarker for muscle depolarization64
TNNI1	Controls striated muscle contraction and relaxation and disease marker for aged skeletal muscle65
TPM3	Promotes slow myofiber hypotrophy and associated with generalized muscle weakness79
Down‐regulated gene	Functional significance and reference
ATF3	Marker of neural injury and reduces the regeneration of neurons67
CIDEA	Increases metabolic rates, lipolysis in brown adipose tissue, and higher core temperature70
FOS	Associated with decreased skeletal muscle regeneration66
SNCG	Increases energy expenditure, particularly in BAT and WAT71
TBC1D1	Impaired glucose transport in skeletal muscle74

BAT, brown adipose tissue; WAT, white adipose tissue.

We focus on pathways related to energy metabolism, skeletal and muscular system development and function, nervous system development and function, and organismal injury and abnormalities. Muscle differentially expressed genes in Ctns^−/− mice relative to WT mice as well as functional significance and relevant references for those differentially expressed genes are listed.