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. 2019 May 9;3(2):31–71. doi: 10.1159/000500413

Fig. 8.

Fig. 8

Clinical outcome assessment. Clinical outcome assessments (COAs) are the instruments used to measure clinical outcomes. The FDA recognizes four types: ClinRO, ObsRO, PRO, and PerfO. If digitized, they are considered electronic clinical outcome assessments (eCOA).