Table 5. Final multilevel logistic regression model for tarsal lesions with cow and herd level risk factors in 27 tie stall farms (n = 609 cows) in Switzerland.

Tarsal lesion	Variable	Category	Coefficient	SE	OR	CI95%		P-value
Hair loss	Month of visit	December	Reference	-	-	-	-	-
		January	1.74	0.56	5.69	1.91	16.94	0.002
		February	2.17	0.51	8.79	3.24	23.90	<0.001
		March	0.40	0.53	1.49	0.53	4.19	0.452
		April	-0.57	0.74	0.57	0.13	2.40	0.440
	Body Condition Score	≤ 2.75	Reference	-	-	-	-	-
		3.0	-0.04	0.27	0.96	0.56	1.64	0.875
		3.25	-0.78	0.32	0.46	0.24	0.85	0.014
		>3.25	-1.09	0.37	0.34	0.16	0.70	0.003
	Stall base	concrete	Reference	-	-	-	-	-
		rubber mat	1.66	0.45	5.24	2.17	12.65	<0.001
	Outdoor access (days/month)	< 13	Reference	-	-	-	-	-
		13	-1.27	0.53	0.28	0.10	0.79	0.016
		14–15	-1.40	0.55	0.25	0.08	0.72	0.010
		> 15	-1.42	0.73	0.24	0.06	1.00	0.050
	Constant		-0.29	0.66
	Variance herd level		0.38	0.21
Ulceration	Stall base	concrete	Reference	-	-	-	-	-
		rubber mat	1.65	0.52	5.23	1.88	14.52	0.002
	Bedding depth (point B)	≤2 cm	Reference	-	-	-	-	-
		>2 cm	-0.66	0.32	0.52	0.28	0.96	0.037
	Constant		-1.93	0.52
	Variance herd level		0.66	0.28
Swelling	Cow Cleanliness	0	Reference	-	-	-	-	-
		1–2	-0.16	0.31	0.85	0.46	1.57	0.603
		3–4	0.59	0.33	1.81	0.95	3.45	0.073
		>4	0.95	0.34	2.59	1.33	5.02	0.005
	Rear curb height	≤13 cm	Reference	-	-	-	-	-
		13–19 cm	-0.50	0.40	0.61	0.28	1.33	0.213
		20–25 cm	-0.11	0.37	0.90	0.44	1.85	0.773
		>25 cm	-1.24	0.43	0.29	0.12	0.67	0.004
	Feeding frequency (count/day)	≤2	Reference	-	-	-	-	-
		≥3	-0.74	0.33	0.48	0.25	0.92	0.027
	Constant		-0.91	0.37
	Variance herd level		0.28	0.17

SE: standard error; OR: odds ratio; CI_95%: confidence interval (95%)