Table 4.
Multivariate association of asthma self-management education with select characteristics, asthma control, and adverse asthma outcomes among ever-employed adults with work-related asthma.
| Ever taken course/ class to manage asthma |
Ever been given an asthma action plan |
Shown how to use an inhalera |
Taught how to recognize early signs or symptoms of an asthma episode |
Taught what to do during an asthma episode or attack |
Taught how to use a peak flow meter to adjust daily medications |
Advised to change things in home, school, or work to improve asthma |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | PRb | (95% Cl) | PRb | (95% Cl) | PRb | (95% Cl) | PRb | (95% Cl) | PRb | (95% Cl) | PRb | (95% Cl) | PRb | (95% Cl) |
| Age group (years) | ||||||||||||||
| 18–44 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| 45–64 | 1.21 | 0.76–1.92 | 1.03 | 0.83–1.28 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.01 | 1.02 | 0.66–1.57 | 1.02 | 0.94–1.10 | 0.94 | 0.80–1.10 | 0.95 | 0.81–1.12 |
| ≥ 65 | 1.62 | 0.95–2.77 | 0.80 | 0.60–1.08 | 0.98 | 0.94–1.02 | 1.63 | 1.02–2.61 | 0.91 | 0.81–1.03 | 0.79 | 0.63–0.98 | 0.67 | 0.52–0.86 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Female | 0.95 | 0.66–1.38 | 1.12 | 0.93–1.35 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.89 | 0.66–1.20 | 1.04 | 0.98–1.10 | 1.25 | 1.07–1.45 | 1.12 | 0.97–1.29 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Black, non-Hispanic | 1.67 | 1.11–2.51 | 1.14 | 0.87–1.50 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.03 | 1.15 | 0.63–2.10 | 0.86 | 0.71–1.03 | 1.11 | 0.91–1.37 | 0.82 | 0.62–1.09 |
| Hispanic | 1.34 | 0.71–2.54 | 0.91 | 0.62–1.34 | 1.00 | 0.96–1.03 | 0.98 | 0.47–2.04 | 0.98 | 0.83–1.14 | 0.85 | 0.60–1.19 | 1.00 | 0.75–1.33 |
| Other, non-Hispanic | - | 1.51 | 1.08–2.11 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 1.08 | 0.46–2.56 | 1.10 | 1.06–1.14 | 0.95 | 0.67–1.35 | 1.06 | 0.75–1.48 | |
| Education level | ||||||||||||||
| ≤ High school | 0.96 | 0.66–1.41 | 0.96 | 0.80–1.16 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 1.36 | 1.03–1.81 | 0.92 | 0.87–0.98 | 1.06 | 0.93–1.21 | 0.95 | 0.83–1.10 |
| > High school | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Household income | ||||||||||||||
| < $25,000 | 0.93 | 0.57–1.51 | 1.11 | 0.86–1.42 | 1.00 | 0.97–1.04 | 0.70 | 0.44–1.10 | 1.06 | 0.95–1.19 | 1.11 | 0.90–1.35 | 0.92 | 0.76–1.13 |
| $25,000–$49,999 | 1.18 | 0.72–1.93 | 1.22 | 0.95–1.58 | 1.02 | 0.99–1.04 | 0.70 | 0.42–1.15 | 1.10 | 0.99–1.22 | 1.20 | 0.99–1.45 | 1.01 | 0.83–1.23 |
| ≥ $50,000 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Health insurance | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| No | 1.28 | 0.79–2.07 | 0.62 | 0.43–0.87 | 1.00 | 0.97–1.02 | 1.23 | 0.74–2.04 | 0.97 | 0.89–1.06 | 0.87 | 0.70–1.09 | 0.95 | 0.75–1.20 |
| Employment status | ||||||||||||||
| Currently employed | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Not currently employed | 1.73 | 1.12–2.66 | 1.16 | 0.95–1.42 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.91 | 0.62–1.35 | 1.01 | 0.93–1.09 | 1.15 | 0.98–1.35 | 1.02 | 0.87–1.20 |
| Asthma control | ||||||||||||||
| Well controlled | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Not-well-controlled | 1.33 | 0.83–2.13 | 1.05 | 0.83–1.34 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 1.08 | 0.96–1.21 | 1.01 | 0.92–1.10 | 1.02 | 0.86–1.21 | 1.10 | 0.91–1.32 |
| Very poorly controlled | 1.67 | 1.06–2.61 | 1.15 | 0.91–1.45 | 1.00 | 0.97–1.02 | 1.07 | 0.96–1.19 | 1.02 | 0.95–1.10 | 0.98 | 0.82–1.17 | 1.14 | 0.95–1.37 |
| Adverse asthma outcomesc | ||||||||||||||
| Asthma attack | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.11 | 0.76–1.64 | 1.30 | 1.05–1.61 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.03 | 1.11 | 1.00–1.23 | 1.06 | 0.99–1.13 | 1.16 | 1.00–1.36 | 1.20 | 1.02–1.41 |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Urgent treatment for worsening asthma | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.49 | 1.04–2.13 | 1.25 | 1.05–1.50 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.02 | 1.18 | 1.09–1.27 | 1.11 | 1.04–1.18 | 1.26 | 1.10–1.44 | 1.20 | 1.04–1.38 |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Asthma-related emergency room visit | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.22 | 0.82–1.84 | 1.15 | 0.94–1.40 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.02 | 1.05 | 0.96–1.16 | 1.05 | 0.97–1.14 | 1.23 | 1.06–1.42 | 1.20 | 1.04–1.40 |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Overnight stay in hospital because of asthma | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 2.11 | 1.32–3.39 | 1.20 | 0.93–1.55 | 0.98 | 0.93–1.02 | 1.14 | 1.06–1.23 | 1.09 | 1.04–1.15 | 1.33 | 1.16–1.53 | 1.18 | 0.99–1.42 |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
a
Among adults who have ever used an inhaler; 96.5% of ever-employed adults with current asthma had ever used an inhaler.
b
Prevalence ratio represents the probability of self-education among persons with the individual characteristic as compared with persons with no characteristic. For each model, the outcome variable was asthma self-education element and the predictor variable was the individual characteristic adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, household income, health insurance, and current employment status.
c
In the 12 months prior to the interview.