. 2020 Jan 16;128(1):017012. doi: 10.1289/EHP5925

Table 3.

Geometric means (GM) [95% confidence interval (CI)] and estimated prevalence (95% CI) of blood lead levels (BLLs) $\geq 5 μ g / dL$ among U.S. women 15–49 years of age for selected characteristics in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III, 1988–1994.

	NHANES III
	1988–1991			1991–1994
Variable	$n$	GM (95% CI)	BLL $\geq 5 μ g / dL$ [% (95% CI)]	$n$	GM (95% CI)	BLL $\geq 5 μ g / dL$ [% (95% CI)]
Overall	2,616	1.85 (1.75, 1.94)	6.6 (5.4, 7.9)	3,201	1.53 (1.45, 1.60)	3.8 (2.4, 5.6)
Age (y)
15–24	881	1.43 (1.31, 1.56)	2.6 (1.4, 4.2)	997	1.22 (1.14, 1.31)	1.3 (0.4, 2.6)^a
25–34	778	1.80 (1.68, 1.93)	5.2 (3.2, 7.6)	984	1.46 (1.38, 1.54)	3.3 (2.0, 5.0)
35–44	713	2.18 (2.02, 2.35)	10.3 (7.7, 13.2)	944	1.71 (1.59, 1.83)	5.2 (2.7, 8.4)
45–49	244	2.48 (2.25, 2.71)	11.7 (7.2, 17.0)	276	2.11 (1.80, 2.41)	7.6 (2.9, 14.1)^a
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	888	1.76 (1.65, 1.86)	5.2 (4.2, 6.4)	910	1.46 (1.38, 1.53)	3.4 (1.9, 5.2)
Non-Hispanic black	746	2.16 (1.95, 2.37)	12.0 (8.5, 15.9)	1,206	1.75 (1.62, 1.87)	6.5 (4.3, 9.0)
Mexican American	878	2.04 (1.73, 2.35)	11.4 (8.0, 15.3)	915	1.67 (1.55, 1.78)	6.4 (5.0, 8.0)
Birthplace
United States	2,035	1.80 (1.70, 1.90)	6.3 (5.2, 7.5)	2,480	1.47 (1.39, 1.55)	3.8 (2.3, 5.7)
Mexico	430	2.60 (2.11, 3.10)	18.8 (11.3, 27.8)	450	2.09 (1.95, 2.23)	10.6 (7.6, 14.0)
Other	144	2.10 (1.84, 2.35)	7.9 (2.9, 15.1)^a	263	1.83 (1.61, 2.04)	3.9 (1.3, 8.0)^a
Ever pregnant
Yes	1,873	1.98 (1.87, 2.10)	7.1 (5.8, 8.5)	2,335	1.61 (1.51, 1.70)	4.0 (2.5, 5.9)
No	665	1.50 (1.40, 1.60)	4.5 (2.7, 6.7)	787	1.31 (1.21, 1.42)	3.3 (1.3, 6.4)^a
Number of live births
Never pregnant	665	1.50 (1.40, 1.60)	4.5 (2.7, 6.7)	787	1.31 (1.21, 1.42)	3.3 (1.3, 6.4)^a
0	180	1.88 (1.58, 2.17)	8.3 (4.1, 13.8)	202	1.49 (1.34, 1.63)	2.5 (0.5, 5.9)^a
1	469	1.90 (1.75, 2.05)	6.6 (4.2, 9.6)	581	1.45 (1.30, 1.60)	2.4 (1.1, 4.2)^a
2–3	888	1.98 (1.85, 2.10)	6.1 (4.0, 8.5)	1,181	1.68 (1.55, 1.82)	4.4 (2.2, 7.5)
4 or more	336	2.37 (1.92, 2.82)	11.8 (6.2, 18.8)	371	1.77 (1.58, 1.95)	8.2 (3.3, 14.9)^a
Ever Breastfed
Yes	790	1.88 (1.75, 2.02)	5.3 (3.6, 7.2)	1,011	1.55 (1.41, 1.68)	3.4 (1.4, 6.1)^a
No	902	2.13 (2.00, 2.25)	8.7 (6.3, 11.5)	1,121	1.71 (1.58, 1.85)	5.2 (3.1, 7.8)
Poverty-to-income ratio
$< 1.3$	839	2.10 (1.87, 2.33)	9.8 (7.2, 12.8)	1,241	1.66 (1.54, 1.78)	5.2 (3.3, 7.6)
$\geq 1.3$	1,519	1.77 (1.67, 1.86)	5.7 (4.2, 7.4)	1,735	1.48 (1.40, 1.55)	3.5 (1.9, 5.6)
Medicaid
Yes	344	2.19 (1.91, 2.48)	11.3 (6.6, 17.0)	552	1.74 (1.58, 1.91)	4.7 (2.6, 7.3)
No	2,078	1.81 (1.71, 1.91)	6.3 (4.9, 7.8)	2,647	1.50 (1.42, 1.58)	3.8 (2.3, 5.5)
Housing age
Pre-1946	461	2.16 (1.94, 2.39)	9.3 (6.4, 12.8)	510	1.59 (1.44, 1.74)	4.9 (1.6, 9.8)^a
1946–1973	1,188	1.79 (1.67, 1.91)	7.0 (5.3, 8.9)	1,225	1.57 (1.46, 1.67)	4.1 (2.4, 6.3)
1973 to present	696	1.71 (1.56, 1.85)	4.7 (2.4, 7.6)	993	1.40 (1.29, 1.51)	2.5 (1.1, 4.6)^a
Unknown	129	2.30 (1.98, 2.63)	6.6 (3.0, 11.5)	426	1.77 (1.57, 1.96)	5.5 (2.7, 9.2)
Currently pregnant
Yes	154	1.41 (1.20, 1.61)	1.4 (0.5, 2.9)^a	172	1.27 (1.11, 1.43)	2.0 (0.2, 5.9)^a
No	2,096	1.97 (1.87, 2.07)	7.4 (6.1, 8.8)	2,640	1.59 (1.50, 1.68)	4.3 (2.8, 6.3)
Smoking status
Current smoker	644	2.45 (2.27, 2.63)	10.3 (7.8, 13.1)	697	1.95 (1.80, 2.10)	6.9 (4.2, 10.4)
Former smoker	306	1.74 (1.58, 1.90)	5.5 (2.8, 9.1)	340	1.62 (1.48, 1.76)	2.9 (0.7, 6.6)^a
Never smoker	1,489	1.66 (1.55, 1.76)	4.5 (3.3, 6.0)	1,943	1.37 (1.31, 1.44)	2.8 (1.8, 4.1)
Secondhand tobacco smoke
Yes	1,152	2.15 (2.03, 2.27)	9.2 (7.6, 11.0)	1,135	1.77 (1.65, 1.89)	6.0 (3.7, 8.8)
No	1,461	1.63 (1.55, 1.71)	3.9 (3.1, 4.9)	2,065	1.41 (1.34, 1.49)	2.6 (1.5, 4.1)

Relative standard error (RSE) $> 30 %$ .