(a) Quantitative PCR analysis of P4HA2 and P4HA3 in PMWK cells expressing short hairpin RNA. Data are mean 2-ΔΔCt ± standard error of the mean (n = 3). Significance: one-way analysis of variance with Dunnett’s post-hoc testing. (b) P4HA2 and P4HA3 knockdown reduce proliferation of PMWK cells. Quantification was performed using sulforhodamine b as described in Materials and Methods. Data are mean ± standard error of the mean over biological repeats (n = 2) performed in triplicate. Significance shows the difference to appropriate control, using one-way analysis of variance with Sidak’s post-hoc testing.(c) Collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase knockdown reduces invasiveness of PMWK cells. Representative images are shown. Spheroids were imaged at ×2.(d) Reduced invasion of PMWK 3-dimensionl spheroids. Data are mean ± standard error of the mean (n = 2), in triplicate. Significance: two-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s post-hoc testing. KD, knockdown; LUC CTRL, luciferase control; shRNA, short hairpin RNA.