Table 3. Distribution of maternal characteristics, neonatal outcomes, and pregnancy complications according to tertiles of maternal iron consumption during early pregnancy.
| Characteristics | Total iron | Heme iron | Non-heme iron | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | p value | T1 | T2 | T3 | p value | T1 | T2 | T3 | p value | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.280 | 0.330 | 0.160 | ||||||||||
| Normal | 158 (34.6) | 157 (34.4) | 141 (30.9) | 140 (35.1) | 142 (31.1) | 154 (33.8) | 162 (35.5) | 153 (33.6) | 141 (30.9) | ||||
| High | 113 (31.7) | 114 (32) | 129 (36.2) | 111 (31.2) | 127 (35.7) | 118 (33.1) | 108 (30.3) | 117 (32.9) | 131 (36.8) | ||||
| IUGR | 0.400 | 0.240 | 0.004 | ||||||||||
| No | 251 (32.7) | 259 (33.8) | 257 (33.5) | 250 (32.6) | 257 (33.5) | 260 (33.9) | 250 (32.6) | 264 (34.4) | 253 (33) | ||||
| Yes | 16 (43.2) | 10 (27) | 11 (29.7) | 17 (45.9) | 10 (27) | 10 (27) | 16 (43.2) | 3 (8.1) | 18 (48.6) | ||||
| NPV | 0.740 | 0.800 | 0.660 | ||||||||||
| No | 145 (31.4) | 164 (35.5) | 153 (33.1) | 151 (32.7) | 158 (34.2) | 153 (33.1) | 151 (32.7) | 154 (33.3) | 157 (34) | ||||
| Yes | 45 (30.4) | 49 (33.1) | 54 (36.5) | 44 (29.7) | 53 (35.8) | 51 (34.5) | 44 (29.7) | 55 (37.2) | 49 (33.1) | ||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 0.730 | 0.190 | 0.250 | ||||||||||
| Normal | 262 (33.2) | 262 (33.2) | 264 (33.5) | 259 (32.9) | 265 (33.6) | 264 (33.5) | 259 (32.9) | 266 (33.8) | 263 (33.4) | ||||
| High | 8 (34.8) | 9 (39.1) | 6 (26.1) | 11 (47.8) | 4 (17.4) | 8 (34.8) | 10 (43.5) | 4 (17.4) | 9 (39.1) | ||||
| DBP (mmHg) | 0.270 | 0.930 | 0.300 | ||||||||||
| Normal | 247 (33.1) | 245 (32.8) | 254 (34) | 247 (33.1) | 248 (33.2) | 251 (33.6) | 254 (32.8) | 254 (34) | 247 (33.1) | ||||
| High | 23 (35.4) | 26 (40) | 16 (24.6) | 23 (35.4) | 21 (32.3) | 21 (32.3) | 24 (36.9) | 16 (24.6) | 25 (38.5) | ||||
| FBS (g/dL) | 0.810 | 0.050 | 0.640 | ||||||||||
| Normal | 188 (33.9) | 179 (32.3) | 187 (33.8) | 178 (32.1) | 188 (33.9) | 188 (33.9) | 190 (34.3) | 187 (33.8) | 177 (31.9) | ||||
| High | 54 (34.4) | 54 (34.4) | 49 (31.2) | 65 (41.4) | 42 (26.8) | 10 (31.8) | 48 (30.6) | 58 (36.9) | 51 (32.5) | ||||
| Birth weight (g) | 0.230 | 0.530 | 0.900 | ||||||||||
| Normal | 254 (34.1) | 243 (32.7) | 247 (33.2) | 252 (33.9) | 243 (32.7) | 249 (33.5) | 249 (33.5) | 246 (33.1) | 249 (33.5) | ||||
| Low | 17 (25) | 28 (41.2) | 23 (33.8) | 19 (27.9) | 26 (38.2) | 23 (33.8) | 21 (30.9) | 24 (35.3) | 23 (33.8) | ||||
| Birth height (cm) | 0.170 | 0.370 | 0.280 | ||||||||||
| Normal | 246 (34.4) | 232 (32.4) | 238 (33.2) | 245 (34.2) | 235 (32.8) | 236 (33) | 235 (32.8) | 245 (34.2) | 236 (33) | ||||
| Low | 35 (26) | 39 (40.6) | 32 (33.3) | 26 (27.1) | 34 (35.4) | 36 (37.5) | 35 (36.5) | 25 (26) | 36 (37.5) | ||||
| Birth head circumference (cm) | 0.320 | 0.330 | 0.400 | ||||||||||
| Normal | 263 (33.8) | 260 (33.4) | 255 (32.8) | 263 (33.8) | 258 (33.2) | 257 (33) | 261 (33.5) | 260 (33.4) | 257 (33) | ||||
| Low | 8 (23.5) | 11 (32.4) | 15 (44.1) | 8 (23.5) | 11 (32.4) | 15 (44.1) | 9 (26.5) | 10 (29.4) | 15 (44.1) | ||||
| Pre-eclampsia | 0.700 | 0.060 | 0.340 | ||||||||||
| No | 216 (33.1) | 222 (34) | 215 (32.9) | 217 (33.2) | 206 (31.5) | 230 (35.2) | 218 (33.4) | 210 (32.2) | 225 (34.5) | ||||
| Yes | 55 (34.6) | 49 (30.8) | 55 (34.6) | 54 (34) | 63 (39.6) | 42 (26.4) | 52 (32.7) | 60 (37.7) | 47 (29.6) | ||||
| Socio-economic status | < 0.001 | 0.250 | 0.700 | ||||||||||
| Low | 29 (45.3) | 30 (46.9) | 5 (7.8) | 27 (42.2) | 21 (32.8) | 16 (25) | 23 (35.9) | 21 (32.8) | 20 (31.3) | ||||
| Average | 88 (29.9) | 102 (34.7) | 104 (35.4) | 101 (34.4) | 102 (34.7) | 91 (31) | 90 (30.6) | 100 (34) | 104 (35.4) | ||||
| High | 120 (31.7) | 122 (32.2) | 137 (36.1) | 117 (30.9) | 124 (32.7) | 138 (36.4) | 134 (35.4) | 127 (33.5) | 118 (31.1) | ||||
Number of participants in tertile (% of population in tertile). The p value calculated by χ2 test.
BMI, body mass index; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction; NVP, nausea and vomiting in pregnancy; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBS, fasting blood sugar; T, tertile of consumption.