Table 1. Summary - Examples of gastrointestinal pathogens and their disease profiles in the zebrafish host.
The table is organized first by pathogen (in alphabetical order), followed by developmental stage, followed by route of infection. Some of the studies summarized below discuss additional infection models which were not included in the table due to space constraints.
| Pathogen | Route of infection | Zebrafish developmental stage | Disease phenotype/ finding | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aeromonas hydrophila | Immersion | Larvae, 4 dpf | Colonization and increased mortality | Saraceni et al., 2016 |
| Aeromonas hydrophila | Immersion | Adults, 4 months | Change in microbiota composition; induction of innate immune response | Yang et al., 2017 |
| Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas veronii | Immersion | Germ-free larvae, 4–5 dpf; Adults | Intestinal colonization; increased mortality; intestinal lesions in adults; Aerolysin-dependent virulence | Ran et al., 2018 |
| Edwardsiella ictaluri | Co-housing | Adults | Skin hemorrhage; abdominal hemorrhage; nephritis; septicaemia; mortality | Hawke et al., 2013 |
| Edwardsilla piscicida | Immersion | Larvae, 5 dpf | Type III secretion system- and type VI secretion system-dependent increase in mortality | Hu et al., 2019 |
| Edwardsilla piscicida | Immersion | Larvae, 4 dpf | Histone H2A and RIP2 are required for induction of antibacterial genes and decrease bacterial burden and mortality in response to infection | Wu et al., 2019 |
| Edwardsiella tarda | Immersion | Larvae, 1 dpf | Increased mortality; systemic infection | Pressley et al., 2005 |
| Edwardsiella tarda | Immersion | Larvae, 1 dpf | Flagella-dependent increase in mortality | Xu et al., 2014 |
| Edwardsiella tarda | Immersion | Healthy adults; Wounded adults (skin abrasion) | (Healthy) Colonization; no mortality (Wounded) Increased mortality; septicaemia; colonization of intestinal smooth muscle tissue |
Pressley et al., 2005 |
| Edwardsiella tarda | Injection, i.p. | Adults | Type III secretion system-dependent increase in mortality | Okuda et al., 2014 |
| Edwardsiella tarda | Injection, i.p. | Adults | Invasin-dependent increase in mortality (LD50) | Dong et al., 2013 |
| Escherichia coli (EHEC) | Food-borne | Larvae, 4 dpf | Intestinal colonization; neutrophil recruitment; type III secretion system induction; increased mortality; transmission to naïve fish | Stones et al., 2017 |
| Escherichia coli (Nissle, strain 40) | Immersion | Adults | Intestinal colonization; metabolize glucose and decrease intestinal pH; decrease burden of V. cholerae during co-infection | Nag et al., 2018 |
| Giardia duodenalis | Oral gavage | Adults | Intestinal deposition and retention of cysts, excretion of cysts; no detection of trophozoites; no intestinal damage | Tysnes et al., 2012 |
| Human norovirus (HuNoV GI and GII) | Injection, yolk sac | Larvae, 3 dpf | Viral replication; viral persistence in the intestine and hematopoietic cells; transmission to naïve fish; antiviral treatment | Van Dycke et al., 2019 |
| Picornavirus-1 | Naturally occuring | Adults | Intestinal colonization; viral shedding | Altan et al., 2019 |
| Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium | Injection, otic vesicle; Injection, yolk | Larvae, 2 dpf | Increased SPI-1- and SPI-2-dependent mortality; caspase-1 activation (WT); Gbp4 inflammasome mediated response to infection | Tyrkalska et al., 2016 |
| Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium | Food-borne | Larvae, 5 dpf | Colonization of intestine; neutrophil recruitment; translational fidelity-dependent bacterial fitness in vivo | Fan et al., 2019 |
| Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium | Immersion | Larvae, 6 dpf | Colonization of intestine and cloaca; inflammation and swelling of the cloaca; neutrophil recruitment to site of infection | Varas et al., 2017 |
| Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Weltevreden | Immersion | Adults | Colonization and replication; shedding and transmission to naïve fish; intestinal inflammation and destruction of intestinal epithelium; diarrhea; increased mortality; protective immunity via bath vaccination with heat-killed bacteria | Howlader et al., 2016 |
| Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium | Oral gavage | Adults, 8 months | Colonization of intestine; intestinal inflammation and ulceration; macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration; tissue damage; Increased mortality; spv-dependent pathology | Wu et al., 2017 |
| Vibrio cholerae | Immersion | Larvae, 4 dpf | CRP- and TcpA-dependent intestinal colonization and mortality; rtx, hlyA induction during colonization | Manneh-Roussel et al., 2018 |
| Vibrio cholerae | Immersion | Larvae, 5 dpf | Colonization of the intestine | Runft et al., 2014 |
| Vibrio cholerae | Immersion | Germ-free larvae, 5 dpf | Intestinal colonization; decrease in commensal Aeromonas; type VI secretion system dependent increase in gut peristalsis | Logan et al., 2018 |
| Vibrio cholerae | Oral gavage; Immersion | Adults, 6–9 months | Colonization of intestine; microcolony formation; transmission to naïve fish | Runft et al., 2014 |
| Vibrio cholerae | Immersion | Adults | Intestinal colonization; diarrhea; increased mucin production and excretion | Mitchell et al., 2017 |
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus | Injection, i.p. | Adults, 7–8 months | Increased mortality; necrosis of kidneys, liver and intestinal villi; intestinal bleeding | Zhang et al., 2016 |
| Vibrio vulnificus | Injection, i.p. | Adults | Increased mortality; inflammatory response; protection by AMP epinecidin-1 | Pan et al., 2011 |