Fig. 2. Protection against Mtb infection after IV BCG immunization.
a, Lung inflammation (total FDG activity) and number of lung granulomas over the course of infection as measured by serial PET–CT scans. Each line shows one NHP over time; 3 NHPs (2 unvaccinated (unvax) and 1 IDlow) reached a humane end point before 12 weeks. tntc, too numerous to count. b, Three-dimensional volume renderings of PET–CT scans of each NHP at the time of necropsy. PET was limited to the thoracic cavity; the standardized uptake value colour bar is shown in the top right and indicates FDG retention, a surrogate for inflammation. c–h, Total lung FDG activity (c), number of lung granulomas (d), gross pathology score (e), total thoracic CFUs (mycobacterial burden) (f), total lung CFUs (g) and total thoracic LN CFUs (h) at time of necropsy. Dashed line in e is assumed normal pathology score accounting for variability in LN size in healthy rhesus macaques. c–h, Symbols represent individual challenged macaques (cohorts 1–3, n = 8–10 vaccinated NHPs; n = 4 unvaccinated NHPs) and horizontal bars represent the median; all data points within the grey areas are zero. Kruskal–Wallis tests were used and reported P values represent Dunn’s multiple comparison test comparing each group to the IDlow group.