Table 2.
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentrations and estimated risk for elevated hsCRP (>3 mg/l) according to quartiles (Q) of polyphenol concentrations and per standard deviation increase
(Geometric mean values and 95 % confidence intervals; odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals)
| Polyphenol subclasses | Quartiles of polyphenol concentrations | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n 78) | Q2 (n 79) | Q3 (n 79) | Q4 (n 79) | Per sd increase of polyphenol concentrations | ||||||||
| Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | P linear trend | OR | 95 % CI | P | |
| Combined polyphenols | ||||||||||||
| hsCRP (mg/l) | ||||||||||||
| Geometric mean | 2·34 | 1·76 | 2·15 | 1·80 | – | |||||||
| Model 1*† | 2·32 | 1·81, 2·97 | 1·77 | 1·39, 2·27 | 1·99 | 1·58, 2·52 | 1·50 | 1·14, 1·97 | 0·12 | |||
| Model 2* ‡ | 2·23 | 1·70, 2·91 | 1·68 | 1·28, 2·20 | 1·75 | 1·34, 2·28 | 1·34 | 1·00, 1·79 | 0·069 | |||
| OR for hsCRP ≥3 mg/l3 | 1·00 | 1·16 | 0·52, 2·60 | 0·57 | 0·25, 1·29 | 0·42 | 0·16, 1·11 | 0·038 | 0·71 | 0·50, 0·99 | 0·045 | |
| Flavonoids | ||||||||||||
| hsCRP (mg/l) | ||||||||||||
| Geometric mean | 2·12 | 2·23 | 1·77 | 1·91 | – | |||||||
| Model 1* † | 2·02 | 1·40, 2·89 | 2·10 | 1·63, 2·71 | 1·85 | 1·43, 2·39 | 1·62 | 1·23, 2·15 | 0·51 | |||
| Model 2* ‡ | 1·88 | 1·29, 2·73 | 1·99 | 1·52, 2·61 | 1·71 | 1·29, 2·25 | 1·41 | 1·04, 1·91 | 0·24 | |||
| OR for hsCRP ≥3 mg/l3 | 1·00 | 0·86 | 0·26, 2·87 | 0·74 | 0·22, 2·53 | 0·43 | 0·12, 1·59 | 0·10 | 0·71 | 0·44, 1·15 | 0·17 | |
| Phenolic acids | ||||||||||||
| hsCRP (mg/l) | ||||||||||||
| Geometric mean | 2·11 | 2·14 | 1·84 | 1·92 | – | |||||||
| Model 1* † | 2·18 | 1·69, 2·81 | 2·10 | 1·65, 2·68 | 1·72 | 1·36, 2·17 | 1·65 | 1·27, 2·15 | 0·30 | |||
| Model 2* ‡ | 2·13 | 1·62, 2·79 | 1·91 | 1·47, 2·48 | 1·61 | 1·23, 2·09 | 1·40 | 1·06, 1·86 | 0·11 | |||
| OR for hsCRP ≥3 mg/l3 | 1·00 | 0·82 | 0·37, 1·85 | 0·63 | 0·28, 1·43 | 0·28 | 0·11, 0·72 | 0·008 | 0·74 | 0·54, 1·02 | 0·066 | |
| Lignans | ||||||||||||
| hsCRP (mg/l) | ||||||||||||
| Geometric mean | 2·59 | 1·92 | 1·99 | 1·61 | – | |||||||
| Model 1*† | 2·70 | 2·12, 3·45 | 1·86 | 1·46, 2·36 | 1·82 | 1·45, 2·29 | 1·45 | 1·14, 1·84 | 0·003 | |||
| Model 2* ‡ | 2·34 | 1·80, 3·04 | 1·75 | 1·33, 2·29 | 1·63 | 1·26, 2·09 | 1·41 | 1·07, 1·84 | 0·028 | |||
| OR for hsCRP ≥3 mg/l3 | 1·00 | 0·53 | 0·24, 1·14 | 0·42 | 0·18, 0·95 | 0·34 | 0·15, 0·79 | 0·012 | 0·71 | 0·52, 0·98 | 0·034 | |
| Stilbenes (resveratrol only) | ||||||||||||
| hsCRP (mg/l) | ||||||||||||
| Geometric mean | 2·32 | 1·63 | 1·97 | 1·9 | – | |||||||
| Model 1* † | 2·22 | 1·81, 2·72 | 1·46 | 1·09, 1·96 | 1·81 | 1·42, 2·31 | 1·78 | 1·38, 2·29 | 0·13 | |||
| Model 2* ‡ | 2·06 | 1·64, 2·60 | 1·35 | 0·99, 1·84 | 1·67 | 1·28, 2·19 | 1·61 | 1·20, 2·16 | 0·12 | |||
| OR for hsCRP ≥3 mg/l3 | 1·00 | 0·38 | 0·15, 0·94 | 0·86 | 0·41, 1·82 | 0·79 | 0·34, 1·83 | 0·95 | 1·07 | 0·78, 1·45 | 0·69 | |
| Tyrosols | ||||||||||||
| hsCRP (mg/l) | ||||||||||||
| Geometric mean | 1·89 | 2·27 | 2·07 | 1·8 | – | |||||||
| Model 1* † | 1·92 | 1·50, 2·45 | 2·16 | 1·69, 2·76 | 1·84 | 1·44, 2·34 | 1·75 | 1·38, 2·22 | 0·63 | |||
| Model 2* ‡ | 1·81 | 1·39, 2·35 | 1·85 | 1·40, 2·43 | 1·76 | 1·34, 2·32 | 1·64 | 1·27, 2·13 | 0·90 | |||
| OR for hsCRP ≥3 mg/l3 | 1·00 | 1·03 | 0·48, 2·25 | 0·80 | 0·36, 1·80 | 0·58 | 0·26, 1·31 | 0·15 | 0·88 | 0·66, 1·17 | 0·38 | |
*
Values are geometric means (n 315).
†
Adjusted for age, sex, country and total energy intake
‡
Adjusted for age, sex, country, diabetes, cardiovascular problems, education, smoking status, alcohol intake, red and processed meat consumption, total fibre consumption, fish and shellfish intake, total physical activity and BMI-adjusted waist circumference.