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. 2020 Feb 12;10:2482. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59318-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Strategies for electroactive hydrogel morphing with the multipolar spatial electric field. (a) Schematic diagram of the positive and negative curvatures bending for hydrogel as a function of the separated electric field with a vertical electrode configuration. (b) The two-dimensional electric field distribution of the multipolar electrode. The direction of the electric field was controlled by controlling the polarity of the voltage to each electrode, and P and N depict the electric field direction. (c) Sequential images of hydrogel having bidirectional bending. The part-1 and part-2 indicate positive (toward top electrode) and negative (toward bottom electrode) curvature, respectively. The scale bar corresponds to 3 mm.