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. 2020 Feb 12;10:2482. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59318-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Electroactive hydrogel bending mechanics. (a) The curvature is plotted against the time of the applied electric field for three different values of voltage. Positive curvature indicates bending toward the upper electrode, and negative curvature indicates bending toward the lower electrode. (b) Images in a constant applied an electric field of 30, 20, and 10 V (Scale bar is 5 mm). (c) The bending curvatures in cases of 0.005, 0.015, 0.025, and 0.01 M NaCl. (d) The effective distance between the positive and negative curvatures according to the periodicity of the electric field is measured and plotted for the cantilever in (e). Here, r depicts the distance between two bending and the scale bar is 10 mm. (f) The curvature of the bend is found to be reproducible through multiple cycles of voltage on and off, as plotted for the single bending cantilever in (b).