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. 2020 Feb 12;10:2415. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59260-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Promoter DNA methylation patterns can be used as DCIS markers. (A) Biological functions of genes differentially methylated in the pre-invasive DCIS stage of breast cancer are shown. Red circles represent genes that are hypermethylated and green circles show genes that are hypomethylated in the DCIS stage as compared to healthy breast tissue. (B) The methylation status of selected genes in ADH, DCIS, and invasive breast cancer is shown. BEST1, DNASE1, FUNDC2, and IDS genes were found to show the opposite methylation trend in earlier (ADH and DCIS) stages compared to invasive stages of breast cancer.