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. 2020 Feb 12;10:2483. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59064-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Schematics of NV (100) lattice in diamond. N, C, and V represent the nitrogen atom, carbon atom, and vacancy, respectively. The angle between any two arrows is 109.5° in a regular tetrahedron structure in diamond. (b) Energy level of NV⁻ center in diamond. The NV⁻ is excited by the green laser and then emits red fluorescence of the NV according to the electron energy states. An energy level of m_s = ±1 excited by MW (f_ESR ~2.87 GHz in the case of zero magnetic fields) increases to excited states and relaxes via non-radiative transition to ground states. Moreover, m_s = ±1 are split by external magnetic fields owing to the Zeeman effect. (c) ODMR under an external magnetic field. (d) Principle of lock-in detection for AC magnetic field sensing at certain MW frequency.