Table 1.
Comparison of clinical features between CH patients with and without severe headache impact.
| CH + S (n = 190) | CH − S (n = 34) | Total CH (n = 224) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 36.0 [30.0;42.0] | 43.0 [40.0;50.0] | 37.0 [30.8;44.0] | <0.001 |
| Onset age of CH, years | 26.5 [19.0;34.0] | 36.0 [30.0;43.0] | 28.5 [19.8;36.0] | <0.001 |
| Female sex, n. (%) | 31 (16.3) | 4 (11.8) | 35 (15.6) | 0.677 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.2 ± 3.1 | 23.8 ± 2.6 | 24.1 ± 3.1 | 0.449 |
| Previous migraine history, n. (%) | 28 (14.7) | 3 (8.8) | 31 (13.8) | 0.433 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 80 (42.1) | 17 (50.0) | 97 (42.4) | 0.504 |
| Current alcohol consumption, n (%) | 87 (45.81) | 17 (50.0) | 95 (54.3) | 0.789 |
| Chronic CH (%) | 11 (5.8) | 0 (0) | 11 (4.9) | 0.313 |
| Recurrence, n (%) | 153 (80.5) | 25 (73.5) | 178 (79.4) | 0.484 |
| Diurnal variation, n (%) | 104 (54.7) | 20 (58.8) | 124 (55.3) | 0.799 |
| Seasonal variation, n (%) | 77 (46.1) | 14 (45.2) | 91 (45.9) | 1.000 |
| Total period of CH, years | 7.0 [2.0;14.0] | 5.0 [1.0;12.0] | 6.5 [2.0;14.0] | 0.297 |
| Average duration of CH bout, week | 4.0 [3.0; 8.0] | 4.0 [1.4; 6.0] | 4.0 [2.4; 6.0] | 0.130 |
| Attack frequency per day | 1.5 [1.0; 3.0] | 1.5 [1.0; 2.0] | 1.5 [1.0; 3.0] | 0.595 |
| Attack duration, minutes | 90.0 [60.0;120.0] | 60.0 [45.0;90.0] | 80.0 [60.0;120.0] | 0.018 |
| Headache intensity, VAS | 9.0 [8.0;10.0] | 8.0 [8.0;10.0] | 9.0 [8.0; 10.0] | 0.001 |
| Number of autonomic symptoms | 4.0 [2.0; 5.0] | 2.5 [1.0; 4.0] | 4.0 [2.0; 5.0] | 0.002 |
| Presence of restless/agitation, n (%) | 95 (50.0) | 12 (35.3) | 107 (47.8) | 0.163 |
| CHSS score | 6.0 [5.0; 6.0] | 5.0 [5.0; 6.0] | 5.0 [5.0; 6.0] | 0.027 |
| Depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 8), n (%) | 79 (41.8) | 6 (17.6) | 85 (38.1) | 0.013 |
| Anxiety (GAD-7 ≥ 6), n (%) | 129 (68.6) | 10 (29.4) | 139 (62.59) | <0.001 |
| Quality of life (EQ-5D) | 0.87 [0.75;0.91] | 0.91 [0.88;1.00] | 0.90 [0.77;1.00] | <0.001 |
| Stress severity (PSS-4) | 7.0 [5.0;9.0] | 5.5 [4.0;8.0] | 7.0 [5.0;8.0] | 0.011 |
Presented as median [25%, 75%] or mean ± standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; CH, cluster headache; CH − S, cluster headache without severe impact; CH + S, cluster headache with severe impact; BMI, body mass index; VAS, visual analogue scale; CHSS, Cluster Headache Severity Scale; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale; EQ-5D, EuroQol EQ-5D index; PSS-4, Short Form Perceived Stress Scale, NA, not available due to one group was empty.