Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2020 Feb 12;10:2419. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59248-0

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Relative gene expression of GABA, DA, and glutamate markers by VTA sub-region after the nicotine exposure in the rats. The results of quantitative RT-PCR validation experiments showed in the graph represent the fold change in the expressions of the selected genes relative to the expression of the housekeeping gene GAPDH. The red bars indicate the expressions of the selected genes in PBP, green bars indicate the expressions of the selected genes in PIF and blue bars indicate the expressions of the selected genes in PN. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the difference between each gene within the sub-regions. Unpaired t-test was used when comparing gene expression profiles between nicotine and saline treatment groups in the sub-regions. *denotes p < 0.05, **denotes p < 0.01. Data is presented as mean ± SEM.