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. 2020 Feb 12;10:2438. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59395-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Scanning electron microscopy images of titanium substrates. Bare flat surfaces of titanium substrates with (A) 0.6 nm surface roughness with no grains and (B) 1.7 nm surface roughness with single nanosized grains. Titanium substrates with a line and groove pattern with a height of 100 nm (C) and 200 nm pitch (D), and line and groove pattern with a height of 10 nm (E).