Table 3.

Hazard ratios for death stratified by sex according to PM₁₀ exposure duration.

	N (%)	HR	95% CI		aHR	95% CI
12 months
Men
Total COPD	3,386	1.006	0.987	1.025	1.000	0.981	1.019
Pure COPD	1,763 (55.34)	1.002	0.976	1.029	0.992	0.965	1.019
ACO	1,623 (51.90)	1.009	0.982	1.037	1.005	0.978	1.033
Women
Total COPD	2,927	1.044	1.011	1.079	1.048	1.014	1.082
Pure COPD	1,423 (44.66)	1.047	0.995	1.102	1.050	0.994	1.109
ACO	1,504 (48.10)	1.041	0.999	1.086	1.037	0.995	1.082
6 months
Men
Total COPD	3,386	1.161	1.148	1.174	1.118	1.104	1.132
Pure COPD	1,763 (55.34)	1.166	1.148	1.183	1.121	1.101	1.141
ACO	1,623 (51.90)	1.156	1.137	1.175	1.119	1.098	1.141
Women
Total COPD	2,927	1.221	1.195	1.248	1.138	1.112	1.165
Pure COPD	1,423 (44.66)	1.255	1.209	1.304	1.132	1.085	1.181
ACO	1,504 (48.10)	1.203	1.170	1.236	1.143	1.107	1.180
3 months
Men
Total COPD	3,386	1.150	1.139	1.161	1.112	1.100	1.124
Pure COPD	1,763 (55.34)	1.153	1.138	1.167	1.115	1.097	1.132
ACO	1,623 (51.90)	1.148	1.131	1.164	1.116	1.097	1.135
Women
Total COPD	2,927	1.201	1.180	1.223	1.144	1.119	1.169
Pure COPD	1,423 (44.66)	1.215	1.177	1.254	1.124	1.081	1.169
ACO	1,504 (48.10)	1.194	1.168	1.220	1.153	1.121	1.185
1 month
Men
Total COPD	3,386	1.020	1.002	1.039	1.014	0.999	1.030
Pure COPD	1,763 (55.34)	1.033	1.008	1.058	1.017	0.996	1.038
ACO	1,623 (51.90)	1.006	0.980	1.033	1.009	0.985	1.033
Women
Total COPD	2,927	1.071	1.038	1.105	1.046	1.020	1.073
Pure COPD	1,423 (44.66)	1.021	0.967	1.079	1.013	0.971	1.056
ACO	1,504 (48.10)	1.095	1.056	1.134	1.060	1.029	1.091

COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ACO = asthma and COPD overlap, HR = hazard ratio, CI = confidence interval.

*Adjusted by age, Charlson Comorbidity Index, smoking status, body mass index, and household income level.