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. 2020 Feb 12;10:2488. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59440-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Two identical directive infrared antennas placed back to back, can be used to construct an angle sensing detector. (b) An example of an angle sensing detector using two Yagi-Uda antenna arrays. Each antenna consists of three dipole elements. The left element in Antenna 1 is the reflector, which is slightly longer than the driven (main) element. The driven element is the middle element connected to the bias lines for measurement purposes. The right most element in Antenna 1 is the director with a length that is slightly shorter than that of driven element. The dimensions shown in this figure are the design parameters that need to be optimized to achieve the desired radiation patterns at the desired operating frequency. (c) The three dimensional radiation pattern of a single Yagi-Uda array (Antenna 1 in part (b)). Directivity is defined following the standard IEEE definitions¹⁸. Higher directivity values correspond to regions of higher angular sensitivity in the receiving mode.