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. 2020 Feb 12;10:2497. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59104-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Pathway analysis performed on the (A) plasma (red) and (B) urine (yellow) high-resolution metabolomics features using the mummichog python program that indicates putative metabolic pathways significantly (P < 0.05) affected by toxic tall fescue (E+) grazing in beef steers throughout the 26-day grazing trial (n = 12). The x-axis indicates the negative log of the FDR corrected p-value for each metabolic pathway indicated on the y-axis. The Venn Diagram details the number of metabolic pathways that were significantly affected by E+ grazing in the plasma (red), urine (yellow), or in both (overlapping). Red asterisk indicates production (i.e., weight gain)-related metabolic pathways. Temporally merged activity networks for the (C) plasma and (D) urine resultant from the mummichog pathway analysis detailing specific putatively annotated metabolites that were either significantly increased (red) or decreased (blue) in steers grazing E+ (n = 6) tall fescue when compared to steers grazing a non-toxic tall fescue (n = 6) over the course of a 26 day grazing trial.