TABLE 2.
Summary of ex vivo and in vivo applications of UECL.
| Ultrasound type | Power | CL probe | Increased signalξ (folds) | Tested environment | Depthξ | Spatial resolutionλ | Reference |
| FUS | 2 MHz | Nd:YVO4 (Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate) laser with 1064 nm wavelength; Embedding aluminum foil as target | 10 less signal-to-noise | Agarose phantom from 20% w/v intralipid. Scattering coefficient 1–4 cm–1 | 5 mm | 3 mm | Zhu et al., 2018 |
| FUS | 3.5 MHz; 1 MPa | 640 nm emitting CL probe | ∼7-folds | Agar phantom from agar and polystyrene microspheres. Scattering coefficient 80 cm–1 | ∼20 mm | 2 mm | Ahmad et al., 2017 |
| FUS | 1 MHz; 10 MPa | 18F, tracking Cerenkov photons | N/A | Agarose phantom containing 250 μM voxels. Scattering coefficient 10 cm–1 | 5 mm | 2 vs. 6 mm without US | Klein et al., 2018 |
| Low power FUS | < 0.14 W/cm2 | POCL system | Agarose phantom from 10% w/v intralipid, 20% w/v glycerol and 2% w/v agarose; Scattering coefficient 15 cm–1 | 25–30 mm | 6 mm | Kobayashi et al., 2016 | |
| Low power FUS | <0.14 W/cm2 | POCL system | ∼1.5 | Porcine muscle | 25 mm | Kobayashi et al., 2016 | |
| FUS | 3.5 MHz; 1 MPa | 640 nm emitting CL probe | ∼9–11-folds | Chicken breast | ∼20 mm | 10 mm | Ahmad et al., 2017 |
| FUS | 3.3 MHz; | 637 nm diode, 808 nm diode, and 1064 nm | ∼1.35–1.45-fold in power output; | Bovine muscles | 10 mm | Dawood, 2016 | |
| 5 W/cm2 | Nd:YAG lasers | ∼7–10% decrease in attenuation (637 and 808 nm lasers); ∼3% decrease in attenuation (Nd:YAG lasers) |
ξ: larger is better; λ: smaller is better.