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. 2020 Feb 6;13:16. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00016

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Copyright © 2020 Zhang, Li, Wang, Wang, Zhang, Huang and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) induces cell injury and mitochondrial dysfunction in a time- and dose-dependent manner. CCK-8 measures the viability of neuronal PC12 cells treated with LPA (A,B). TUNEL staining detects the apoptosis of neuronal PC12 cells following treatment (C,D). Rh123 staining estimates the MMP of neuronal PC12 cells after treatment (E,F). Scale bar: 20 μm. Data are mean ± SEM of five independent experiments for Kruskal–Wallis test, ##P < 0.01; for Bonferroni post hoc test (compare each group with control), ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01.