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The activation of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK pathways induced by LPA. Western blot showing the activation of ERK1/2 (A,B), p38 (C,D), and JNK pathway (E,F) in neuronal PC12 cells treated with LPA. Data are mean ± SEM of five independent experiments for Kruskal–Wallis test, ##P < 0.01; for Bonferroni post hoc test (compare each group with control), ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01.
