Table 1.

Summary of Reported Human EiPSC sources available in the Literature.

Type of cell	Source	Patient conditions	Method of transfection	Further differentiation	Author
Fibroblasts	Fetal foreskin	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Yu et al.39,40, Matz and Adjave62, Tandon et al.63, Tidball et al.64, Kamath et al.65, Kim et al.66, Schmitt et al.67, Mah et al.68
Fibroblasts	Fetal foreskin	Healthy	Electroporation	CD235a+CD45− leukocyte-free red blood cells	Dias et al.69
Fibroblasts	Fetal foreskin	Healthy	Electroporation	Cardiomyocytes	Mehta et al.70
Fibroblasts	Fetal foreskin	Healthy	Electroporation	Hepatocyte-like cells	Wruck and Adjave71
Fibroblasts; Fibroblasts	Fetal lung	Healthy	Poly(beta-amino ester) nanoparticles; Electroporation	Neuronal cells	Bhise et al.72
Fibroblasts	Fetal foreskin	Healthy	Lipofectamine 3000 reagent	N/A	Skrzypczyk et al.73
Fibroblasts	Fetal right musculus quadriceps femoris	Healthy	Lipofectamine 3000 reagent	N/A	Csobonyeiova et al.74
Fibroblasts	Fetal foreskin	Homozygous α-thalassemia (−SEA/−SEA)	Electroporation	N/A	Tangprasittipap et al.75
Fibroblasts	Fetal epidermal tissue from rim of open neural placode and spinal cord	Spina bifda aperta (SBA)	Electroporation	Neurospheres	Bamba et al.76
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Bharathan et al.36, Weltner et al.37, Yu et al.40, Wong et al.77, Bang et al.78, Hey et al.79, Jaffer et al.80, Trevisan et al.81, Fidan et al.82, Wang et al.83, Chen et al.84, Polanco et al.85, Willmann et al.86, Høffding et al.87
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Healthy	Electroporation; Lipofectamine 3000 reagent; Nucleofector system	N/A	Manzini et al.88
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Healthy	Electroporation	Neural stem cells	Capetian et al.89
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Healthy	Electroporation	Motor neurons	Hu et al.51
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Healthy	Electroporation	Neural cells	Wang et al.90
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Healthy	Electroporation	Neural stem cells, motor neurons, cardiomyocytes, and fibroblasts	Requena et al.91
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Healthy	Electroporation	Dopaminergic neurons and retinal pigment epithelial cells	Okita et al.20
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Healthy	Electroporation	Smooth muscle progenitor cells	Zhou et al.92
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Healthy	Electroporation	Retinal pigment epithelial cells	Li et al.93
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Healthy	Electroporation	Cardiomyocytes	Sequiera et al.94
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Healthy	FuGENE HD reagent	Hepatocyte-like and cardiac myocyte-like cells	Si-Tayeb et al.95
Fibroblasts	Adult gingival tissues	Healthy	Electroporation	Periodontal cells	Yin et al.96
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Huntington’s disease	Electroporation	N/A	Tidball et al.21
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva caused by a missense mutation in ACVR1 gene	Electroporation	N/A	Hayashi et al.35
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3	Electroporation	N/A	Hansen et al.97,98
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Frontotemporal dementia caused by mutations in microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) gene	Electroporation	N/A	Rasmussen et al.99–101
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Maturity-onset diabetes of the young 4 and type 2 diabetes mellitus caused by mutations in PDX1 gene	Electroporation	N/A	Wang et al.52,102
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Autosomal recessive Stargardt disease caused by compound heterozygous mutations in ABCA4 gene	Electroporation	N/A	Claassen et al.103
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	X-Chromosomal disease	Electroporation	N/A	Hinz et al.121
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) caused by mutations in dystrophin gene on chromosome Xp21	Electroporation	N/A	Gowran et al.105
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3, also known as Machado-Joseph disease) caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in ATXN3 gene	Electroporation	N/A	Hayer et al.106
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) caused by a heterozygous mutation in CSF1R gene	Electroporation	N/A	Hayer et al.107
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Healthy and kidney disease caused by an autosomal dominant mutation in HNF4A gene	Electroporation	N/A	Howden et al.108
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa)	Electroporation	N/A	Kahounová et al.109
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3)	Electroporation	N/A	Ritthaphai et al.110
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Dravet syndrome caused by a heterozygous R1525X mutation in SCN1A gene	Electroporation	N/A	Tanaka et al.111
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Mucoplysaccharydosis IIIA (MPSIIIA)	Electroporation	N/A	Vallejo et al.112
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Mucopolysaccharydosis IIIB (MPSIIIB)	Electroporation	N/A	Vallejo-Diez et al.113
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Late-onset non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa caused by compound heterozygous mutations in CLN3 gene	Electroporation	N/A	Zhang et al.114
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Autosomal recessive Alport syndrome (ARAS) caused by a homozygous COL4A3 mutation	Electroporation	N/A	Kuebler et al.115
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	X-linked Alport syndrome (XLAS) caused by hemizygous COL4A5 mutations in exon 41 or exon 46	Electroporation	N/A	Kuebler et al.116
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) lacking DMD exons 49 and 50	Electroporation	N/A	Spaltro et al.117
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)	Electroporation	N/A	Hung et al.118
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Low-grade steatosis	Electroporation	N/A	Kawala et al.119
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva syndrome caused by a mutation in ACVR1 gene	Electroporation	N/A	Kim et al.120
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Alzheimer’s disease caused by mutations in PSEN1 gene	Electroporation	N/A	Li et al.121,122, Poon et al.123, Tubsuwan et al.124
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF)	Electroporation	N/A	Fidan et al.125
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Turner syndrome (TS) caused by monosomy X	Electroporation	N/A	Luo et al.126
Fibroblasts	Adult skin; Fetal skin	Retinitis pigmentosa; Severe combined immunodeficiency	Electroporation	N/A	Howden et al.127
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Ankylosing spondylitis; Sjögren’s syndrome; Systemic lupus erythematosus	Electroporation	Hematopoietic and mesenchymal lineages	Son et al.47
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Retinitis pigmentosa-11 caused by a dominant nonsense mutation in PRPF31 gene	Electroporation	Retinal organoids	McLenachan et al.128
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Rare neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs)	Electroporation	Forebrain neurons	Bell et al.129
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Down syndrome	Electroporation	Neuronal cells	Briggs et al.130
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Alzheimer’s disease caused by mutations in PSEN1 gene	Electroporation	Mature neurons with amyloidogenic properties	Mahairaki et al.131
Fibroblasts	Adult skin	Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) deficiency familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)	Electroporation	Hepatocyte-like cells	Ramakrishnan et al.132
Keratinocytes	Adult skin	Healthy	FuGENE HD reagent	N/A	Piao et al.133
Mononuclear cells	Fetal peripheral blood	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Dowey et al.134
Mononuclear cells	Neonatal peripheral blood and cord blood	Lung disease	Electroporation	N/A	Kamath et al.135
Mononuclear cells	Adult peripheral blood	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Okita et al.43, Wen et al.136,137, Wang et al.138,139, Su et al.140, Tangprasittipap et al.141, Mack et al.142, Chou et al.143
Mononuclear cells	Adult peripheral blood	Healthy	Electroporation	Cardiovascular progenitor cells	Hu et al.61
Mononuclear cells	Adult peripheral blood	Healthy	Electroporation	Ventricular cardiomyocyte	Weng et al.144
Mononuclear cells	Adult peripheral blood	Healthy	Electroporation	Hepatocytes	Liu et al.145
Mononuclear cells	Adult bone marrow	Healthy	Electroporation	Mesenchymal stem cells	TheinHan et al.146
Mononuclear cells	Adult peripheral blood	Alzheimer’s disease	Electroporation	N/A	Wang et al.147–150
Mononuclear cells	Adult peripheral blood	Bipolar disorder (BD)	Electroporation	N/A	Wang et al.151
Mononuclear cells	Adult peripheral blood	Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)	Electroporation	N/A	Wang et al.152
Mononuclear cells	Adult peripheral blood	Parkinson disease	Electroporation	N/A	Zhao et al.153
Mononuclear cells	Adult peripheral blood	Complete dopa-responsive dystonia (DYT5) caused by a GCH1 mutation	Electroporation	N/A	Murakami et al.154
Mononuclear cells	Adult peripheral blood	Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by mutations in beta-myosin heavy chain (MYH7) gene	Electroporation	N/A	Ross et al.155
Mononuclear cells	Adult peripheral blood	Sickle cell anemia (SCA)	Electroporation	CD34+CD45+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells	Junqueira Reis et al.156
Mononuclear cells	Adult peripheral blood	Myocardial infarction	Electroporation	Cardiomyocytes	Malecki et al.157
Mononuclear cells	Adult bone marrow	Healthy	Electroporation	Mesenchymal stem cells, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts	Tang et al.158
Mononuclear cells	Adult peripheral blood and bone marrow	Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)	Electroporation	CD34+CD45+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HPC), and CD71+CD235a+ erythroid cells	Hsu et al.159
Mononuclear cells	Fetal cord blood and neoplastic bone marrow; Adult patient	Healthy; Chronicmyeloid leukemia	Electroporation	CD34+CD43+ hematopoietic progenitors, CD34+CD31+CD43− endothelial cells, and CD34+CD31−CD43− mesenchymal cells; N/A	Hu et al.41,160
Erythroblast	Adult peripheral blood	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Varga et al.161
Erythroblast	Adult peripheral blood	Ataxia-Telangiectasia (A-T) caused by compound heterozygous null mutations in ATM kinase gene at chromosome 11q22	Electroporation	Neural Stem Cells	Bhatt et al.162,163
Cord blood CD34+ cells	Fetal cord blood	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Chou et al.48, Meng et al.56, Su et al.164, Fernandes et al.165–167
Amniotic fluid cells	Fetal amniotic fluid	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Slamecka et al.168, He et al.169
Amniotic fluid cells	Fetal amniotic fluid	Healthy	Fugene HD reagent	Neural cells	Wilson et al.170
Amniotic fluid cells	Fetal amniotic fluid	Trisomy 18 (18T)	Electroporation	N/A	Xing et al.171
Mesenchymal stromal cells	Fetal amnion	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Slamecka et al.172
Mesenchymal stromal cells	Fetal femur	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Megges et al.60
Mesenchymal stromal cells	Adult femur	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Göbel et al.173, Foja et al.174
Mesenchymal stromal cells	Adult subcutaneous fat	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Qu et al.175
Mesenchymal stromal cells	Adult dental pulp	Healthy	Electroporation	Neural progenitor cells	Thekkeparambil Chandrabose et al.176, Saitoh et al.177
Mesenchymal stromal cells	Adult parotid gland	Squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity	Electroporation	N/A	Yan et al.178
Neural stem cells	Neonate	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Marchetto et al.58
Neural stem cells	Fetal cortical tissue	Healthy	Electroporation	Neural cells	Zhou et al.8
Lymphoblast	Adult peripheral blood	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Schroter et al.179
Lymphoblast	Adult peripheral blood	Healthy	Electroporation	Neurons, spinal motor neurons, and intestinal organoids	Barrett et al.180
Lymphoblast	Adult peripheral blood	Parkinson’s disease	Electroporation	N/A	Kumar et al.49
Lymphoblast	Adult peripheral blood	Alzheimer’s disease caused by a TREM2 missense mutation	Electroporation	N/A	Schroter et al.181
Lymphoblast	Adult peripheral blood	Alzheimer’s disease caused by a homozygous APOE4 allele mutation	Electroporation	N/A	Zulfiqar et al.182,183
Lymphoblast	Adult peripheral blood	Alzheimer’s disease with different genotypes of a functional copy number variation in the AD risk gene CR1; AD with TREM2 p.R47H variant	Electroporation	N/A	Schröter et al.184,185
Lymphoblast	Adult peripheral blood	APOE ∊3/∊3 genotype and expressing CR1 isoform F/F (low risk of Alzheimer’s disease)	Electroporation	N/A	Martins et al.186
T cells	Adult peripheral blood	Healthy	Electroporation	Neuronal cells	Tsai et al.33
T cells	Adult peripheral blood	Age-related macular degeneration	Electroporation	Retinal pigment epithelial cells	Chang et al.34
B cells	Adult peripheral blood	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Choi et al.55
B cells	Adult peripheral blood	Healthy	Electroporation	Hematopoietic, cardiac, neural, and hepatocyte-like lineages	Rajesh et al.42
B cells	Adult peripheral blood	Parkinson’s disease	Electroporation	Neurospheres, and neural cells	Fujimori et al.187
Lamina propria progenitor cells	Adult oral mucosal	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Howard-Jones et al.188
Oral mucosa epithelial stem cells	Adult oral mucosal	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Alvisi et al.189
Oral mucosa epithelial stem cells	Adult oral mucosal	Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting (EEC) syndrome caused by a R279H mutation in TP63 gene	Electroporation	N/A	Trevisan et al.190
Urine cells	Adult urine	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Wang et al.191
Urine cells	Adult urine	Healthy	Electroporation	Hepatocyte-like cells	Si-Tayeb et al.192
Urine cells	Adult urine	Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) (also termed Wermer syndrome) caused by mutations in tumor suppressor gene MEN1	Electroporation	N/A	Guo et al.193
Urine cells	Adult urine	Type 2 long QT syndrome caused by a mutation in HERG A561P gene	Electroporation	Cardiomyocytes	Jouni et al.194
Urine progenitor cells	Adult urine	Healthy	Lipofectamine 3000 reagent	N/A	Steichen et al.195
Urine epithelial cells	Adult urine	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Ju et al.196
Urine epithelial cells	Adult urine	Healthy	Electroporation	Hepatocytes	Sauer et al.50
Urine epithelial cells	Adult urine	Phenylketonuria (PKU)	Electroporation	N/A	Qi et al.197
Urine epithelial cells	Adult urine	Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) caused by mutations in survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene	Electroporation	Motor neurons	Zhou et al.198
SIX2-positive renal cells	Adult urine	An African male expressing the CYP2D6 *4/*17 variant which confers intermediate drug metabolizing activity	Electroporation	N/A	Bohndorf et al.199
Epicardium-derived cells	Adult atrial biopsy	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Paulitschek et al.200
Neonatal fibroblasts; Adult skin fibroblasts; Urine epithelial cells; Amniotic fluid cells	Neonatal and adult skin; adult urine	Healthy	PEI reagent	N/A	Drozd et al.32
Fibroblasts; Urine epithelial cells	Adult skin; adult urine	Healthy	PEI reagent	Insulin producing cells	Walczak et al.38
Fibroblasts; Mononuclear cells	Adult skin; Adult peripheral blood	Healthy	Electroporation	Cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and neuronal cell	Diecke et al.201
Fibroblasts; Mononuclear cells	Adult skin; Adult peripheral blood	Kawasaki disease (KD)	Electroporation	Vascular endothelial cells	Ikeda et al.202
Mononuclear cells; Mesenchymal stromal cells	Adult peripheral blood and bone marrow	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Cheng et al.203
Fetal fibroblasts; Adult fibroblasts; Keratinocytes; Cord blood CD34+ cells	Fetal skin; Adult skin; Adult skin; Fetal cord blood	Healthy	Electroporation	N/A	Park et al.204
Fibroblasts; Cord blood CD34+ cells	Adult skin; Fetal cord blood	Healthy	Electroporation	Vascular progenitor cells	Park et al.205
Fibroblasts; Keratinocytes	Adult skin; Hair follicle	Timothy syndrome with cardiac arrhythmias	Lipofectamine 2000 reagent	Cardiomyocytes	Song et al.206
Cancer cells	Adult lung	Adenocarcinoma	X-tremeGENE transfection reagent	N/A	Zhao et al.207