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. 2020 Feb 1;2020:5745013. doi: 10.1155/2020/5745013

Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies.

Authors, year Location Participants Number Experimental group Control group Follow-up Outcome measures
Types of treatment Duration (min) Frequency
Zhang Y., 2008 China Women with T2DM E: 10; C: 10 Tai Chi 60 min Five times weekly Nonexercise 14 weeks (1)FBG
(2)TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG
Chen S. C., 2010 Taiwan (China) Patients with T2DM E: 56; C: 48 Tai Chi 60 min Three times weekly Other active exercises (aerobic exercise plus home-based exercise) 12 weeks (1)HbA1c, FBG
Lam P., 2008 Australia Adults with T2DM E: 28; C: 25 Tai Chi 60 min Two classes weekly Nonexercise 24 weeks (1)HbA1c
(2)TC, TG
Youngwanichsetha S., 2013 Thailand Women with T2DM E:32; CG:32 Tai Chi 50 min Three times weekly Nonexercise 12 weeks (1)HbA1c, FBG
(2) BMI
ORR R., 2006 Australia Older adults with T2DM E: 17; C: 18 Tai Chi 60 min Twice weekly Other active exercises (sham exercise, e.g., seated calisthenics and stretching) 16 weeks (1) FBG
Xiao C. M., 2015 China Older adults with DM E: 16; C: 16 Tai Chi 1 to 2 hours Three sessions per week Nonexercise 12 weeks (1)HbA1c
Sreedevi A., 2017 India Women with diabetes E:41; C1:42; C2:41 Yoga 60 min Twice weekly C1: other active exercises (physical activity); C2: nonexercise 12 weeks (1)HbA1c, FBG
(2) TC, BMI
Hegde S. V., 2011 India People with type 2 diabetes E:60; C:63 Yoga n.r. Three times weekly Nonexercise 12 weeks (1)HbA1c, FBG, PPBG
(2) BMI
Keerthi G. S., 2017 India People with type 2 diabetes E:62; C:62 Yoga 45 min Three times weekly Nonexercise 12 weeks (1) FBG
Gordon L. A., 2008 and Gordon L.,2008 Cuba People with type 2 diabetes E:77; C1:77; C2:77 Yoga 60 min 3–4 times per week C1: other active exercises (conventional physical training); C2: Nonexercise 24 weeks (1)HbA1c, FBG
(2)TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, BMI
Singh S., 2008 and Kyizom T., 2010 India People with type 2 diabetes E:30; C:30 Yoga 45 min 5 days per week Nonexercise 45 days (1)FBG, PPBG
(2)TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, BMI
Mullur R. S., 2016 USA People with type 2 diabetes E:5; C:5 Yoga 10 min n.r. Nonexercise 12 weeks (1)HbA1c, FBG
(2)BMI
Yang K., 2009 USA People with type 2 diabetes E:13; C:10 Yoga 60 min Twice per week Nonexercise 12 weeks (1)FBG
(2)TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C
Jyotsna V. P., 2013 India People with type 2 diabetes E:36; C:28 Yoga n.r. 7 days per week Other active exercises (brisk walking) 24 weeks (1)HbA1c, FBG, PPBG
Nagarathna R., 2012 India People with type 2 diabetes E:141; C:136 Yoga 60 min 5–7 days per week Other active exercises (physical exercises) 36 weeks (1)HbA1c, FBG, PPBG
(2)TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C
Habibi N., 2013 Iran Women with T2DM E:16; C:10 Yoga 75 min Three times weekly n.r. 12 weeks (1)FBG
(2)BMI
Shantakumari N., 2012 and Shantakumari N., 2013 India People with type 2 diabetes E:50; C:50 Yoga 60 min 7 days per week Nonexercise 12 weeks (1)FBG, PPBG
(2)TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, BMI
Vaishali K., 2012 India People with type 2 diabetes E:27; C:30 Yoga 45–60 min 6 days per week Nonexercise 12 weeks (1)HbA1c, FBG
(2)TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C
Liu X., 2011 Australia People with type 2 diabetes E:20; C:21 Qigong 1–1.5 hour Three times weekly Nonexercise 12 weeks (1)HbA1c, FBG, PPBG
(2)HDL-C, TG
Sun G. C., 2010 USA Adults with type 2 diabetes E:11; C1:10; C2:11 Qigong 30–60 min Three times weekly C1: nonexercise; C2: Other active exercises (the progressive resistance training) 12 weeks (1)HbA1c, FBG;
Tsujiuchi T., 2002 Japan Adults with type 2 diabetes E:16; C:10 Qigong 2 h n.r. Nonexercise 16 weeks (1)HbA1c

E: experimental; C: control; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI: body mass index; n.r.: not reported.