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Exploiting EV characteristics to enhance or evade immune response (A) Engineered EVs stimulate immune cell infiltration into tumors and disease regression (B) CD47+ve EVs evade host immunity resulting in increased persistence and improved therapeutic response. (DEV-AFP: Dendritic EV α-fetaprotein; HSP: Heat Shock Protein; IL: Interleukin; IFN: Interferon. (Image created using Biorender.com—paid subscription).
